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ON THE CHRONOLOGICAL SEQUENCE

OF

THE COINS OF BCQOTIA.

ON THE

CHRONOLOGICAL SEQUENCE

OF THE

COIN Se OFF BOTO LI A

BY

BARCLAY V. HEAD,

ASSISTANT KEEPER OF COINS, BRITISH MUSEUM; CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE IMPERIAL GERMAN ARCH OLOGICAL INSTITUTE; AUTHOR OF “THE COINAGE OF SYRACUSE,” ‘*THE COINAGE OF EPHESUS,” ETC., ETC.

LONDON :

ROLLIN & FEUARDENT, 61, GREAT RUSSELL STREET, W.C. anp 4, RUE DE LOUVOIS, PARIS.

1881.

ON THE

CHRONOLOGICAL SEQUENCE

OF THE

COINS OF BCLOTTIA.

ee

INTRODUCTION.

Tue basis of a scientific arrangement of the Coins of Boootia has already been laid by Dr. Imhoof-Blumer in his two admirable articles in the Numismatische Zeit- schrift of Vienna, vols. iii. and ix. In endeavouring to follow out in greater detail the study of the Numis- matics of the Bootian Confederacy, especially with the view of classifying the coins of the various epochs in chronological order, I shall not be accused of encroach- ing upon Dr. Imhoof’s field. The object which he had chiefly in view was the correct attribution of the coins to the various Beotian cities, a subject which numis- matists, not possessed of the requisite knowledge either of the paleeography or of the peculiarities of the Bcotian dialect, had allowed to fall into the direst confusion.

It is not too much to say that Dr. Imhoof-Blumer’s two papers contain all that is necessary for a minute study of Beeotian numismatics. |

In attempting to arrange the materials collected by him in a more strict chronological sequence, I do so rather in the hope of eliciting further criticism than with the idea that my classification will prove to be in all points final.

Beeotian coins, owing to the fact that the shield, which

b |

2 COINAGE OF BQROTTA.

as a rule they bear, offers, from first to last, the slightest possible indication of the progressive changes in the style of art, form, as a class, an extremely difficult series to arrange ; and when, as is frequently the case, the coins of Boeotia have on one side a shield and on the other an amphora, the task becomes still more difficult. The amphora, like the shield, affords very slender scope for the display of those methods of work which often enable us to fix the date of a coin with a very near approach to certainty. Nevertheless, there are not wanting among the coins of Bootia some few well-marked and character- istic reverse types which can only belong to certain definite epochs, and around these, upwards and downwards, we must find place as best we may for the various groups of coins with which we have to deal, keeping well and constantly in view fabric, style, paleography, and the historical possibilities of the period under consideration.

Among these fixed points or notes of time may be men- tioned the Herakles types, circ. B.c. 446—426, with the well-defined incuse square; the gold coins of circ. B.c. 395—387 ; and the silver coins, with the infant Herakles, but without the incuse square, of the same period; a type which was at this time adopted by the cities. of Ephesus, Samos, Rhodes, and Cnidus after the battle of Cnidus,} and especially the local Separatist currency of various Beotian towns which obtained their autonomy on the temporary dissolution of the Beotian League after the Peace of Antalcidas in B.c. 387.

The coins which bear the name of the illustrious Epaminondas are also very valuable, as indications of the date of the whole class to which they belong.

a So a EE

‘ Waddington, Mélanges, ii. p. 7 seqq.

* INTRODUCTION. 3

These, together with some others, are the landmarks around which I have attempted to arrange the coins in the following sixteen historical periods, extending from about B.c. 600 down to the time of the Empire.

Epocus oF Baotian History AND COINAGE.

Period. Cire. B.0.

I. 600-550. Orchomenus and the Beeotian League. Coinage of Orchomenus modelled upon that of Aegina. The earliest Becotian federal coinage also consisting of Aeginetic drachms and smaller divisions, issued at Thebes, Haliartus, and Tanagra. Its characteristic type, the shield of Herakles, commonly called the Beeotian shield. II. 550-480. Apparent advance in commercial ac- tivity. First issue of the didrachm or stater in Beotia. Coinage distinguished by initial letters of Acr@ephium, Coronera, Haliartus, Mycalessus, Phare, Tana- gra, and Thebes, which cities, with Orchomenus, were the leading mem- bers of the Union before the Persian wars. III. 480-457. Effect on Boeotia of the Persian wars . and humiliation of Thebes. First introduction of reverse - types. Coinage struck at Tanagra in the name of the Baotians ‘in genere. Origin of the wheel as a Tanagrean

4

Period. Cire. B.c.

COINAGE OF BMOTIA.

coin-type in the worship of Apollo as a Sun-god at Delium (?), and of the amphora as a Theban type in that of Dionysus.

The coinage of Orchomenus remains un- important.

IV. 456-446. Athenian influence in Boeotia. Establish-

V. 446-426.

VI. 426-395.

VII. 395-387.

ment of Democratical Constitutions.

Coinage in this period at Acrephium, type, kantharos; Coroneia, type, Gor- gon-head ; Haliartus, types, amphora, kantharos; Tanagra, type, half- horse ; Thebes, type, amphora.

Renewed ascendancy of Thebes.

No coinage in Beotia in this period except that of Thebes. Plentiful issue of Theban staters bearing various types, mainly representations of Herakles, of great artistic merit, re- sembling in style the contemporary works of the school of Pheidias.

Continued hegemony of Thebes.

The coinage of Beeotia still monopolised by Thebes; principal types, head of Herakles, head of Dionysus, am- phora, &e.

Anti-Spartan alliance between Thebes, Corinth, Argos, &c. Influx into Greece of Persian gold.

Gold coined at Thebes, obv. head of Dionysus ; rev. infant Herakles.

Silver coinage; types, amphora, infant Herakles, head of Dionysus facing, &e.

INTRODUCTION. 5

Period. Cire. B.C. } Abandonment of all traces of the incuse

square.

VIII. 387-374. Peace of Antalcidas: Its effect in Boootia. Dissolution of the Bocotian League, and establishment of oli- garchies under Spartan patronage in the various Boootian cities. Seizure of the Cadmeia by the Spartans, B.C. 382; its recovery, B.C. 379.

Coinage in this period at Cheroneia, R and , type, club; Cope, R, &, half bull, &.; Coroneia, R, Gorgon-head, head of Athena; Halartus, ®, Posei- don Onchestius; Lebadeia, R, thunder- bolt; Mycalessus, MR, thunderbolt, Ke. ; Orchomenus, &, horse, amphora, wheel, corn wreath, ear of corn, &c., 2, star; Phare, ®, amaphora ; Platwa, Mm, head of Hera, ©, head of Hera, bull, &c. ; Tanagra, , half-horse, half-galley, &e.; Dhebes for Baotia ‘in genere,’ 3 drachms with BO—I, &e. ; Thespie, a, crescents, head of Aphrodite with crescents, amphora with crescent; Un- certain, archaistic, A, with amphora and various letters, A—P, A—I, A—Q, H—I, &ce.

IX. 379-838. Thebes the leading State in Greece. Age of Pelopidas and Epaminondas. Institution circ. 378 of a new federal currency. ‘The coinage signed by one of the Beeotarchs (?) but not by the eponymous archon of the League.

6

Period.

Cire. 8.0.

COINAGE OF BQiOTIA.

More probably by the three annual Polemarchs in rotation. Silver staters known with names of about forty magistrates. Small ® and &, with head of young Herakles, and magis- trates’ names also struck in this

period.

X. 838-315. Battle of Cheeroneia. A Macedonian

garrison in the Cadmeia (B.C. 338). Restoration of Orchomenus, Thespie, and Platzea. Destruction of Thebes by Alexander (B.C. 335), and parti- tion of its territory.

Coinage during this period for Bawotia ‘in

genere’ probably at Orchomenus and Thespie. Staters with BO — 12; Hemidrachms and obols with BO—! and crescent; , with BOIQTON, type, trident; also large &, of various Beeotian towns (Thebes excepted) with API, OES, AEB, OPX, PAA, TAN.

XI. 315-288. Restoration of Thebes by Cassander.

The Cadmeia his stronghold in Bo- otia. Demetrius Poliorcetes expels Cassander’s garrison (B.C. 304), but afterwards adopts his policy when he becomes king of Macedon. Finally, in B.C. 288, he presents Thebes with her liberty.

Coinage in 1, R, and ®, with types of

Alexander the Great, struck at Thebes under Cassander and Demetrius. Also

INTRODUCTION. ré

Period. Cire. B.c.

&, with OHBAIQN, probably of this

period.

XIT. 288-244. Reconstruction of the Bootian League.

Repulse of the Gauls (B.C. 278). Alliance with the Acheans. Inva- sion of Beotia by the Astolians (B.C. 245). Failure of the Achezeans to defend their allies. Bocotia turns for protection to Macedon.

Coinage of tetradrachms of the Attic standard; odv. head of Zeus, rev. BOIQTON, Poseidon seated; 2, head of Pallas, rev. trophy ; head of Herakles, rev. winged Pallas ; head of Dionysus, rev. Apollo seated. )

XIII. 244-197. Beoeotia subject to Macedon under An-

tigonus Gonatas, Demetrius II., and Antigonus Doson (B.C. 244—221).

During this period Macedonian coins current in Boootia.

, Accession of Philip V., B.C. 220; his policy of non-interference. Bcotia adheres to the Macedonian alliance. Wars with the Romans.

Coinage B.c. 220—197, MR, head of Per- sephone facing, rev. Poseidon standing; #, similar types restruck on coins of Antigonus Doson.

XIV. 197-146. Flamininus master of Thebes. He allows

the Beotians to retain their freedom.

Beeotia sides first with Antiochus and

then with Perseus against Rome, but

again submits in B.C. 172. The

8

Period. Cire. B.c.

XV. 146-27.

DOViLE Bc.

A.D. 192.

COINAGE OF BCIOTIA.

Boeotian League formally dissolved by Rome, B.C. 146.

Coinage, ®, head of Zeus, rev. Nike; &, same types; also @, odv. shield, rev. Nike, trident.

Beotia under the Romans. A nominal autonomy permitted.

Autonomous copper coinage in this period at Lebadeia, Orchomenus, Thebes, and Thespie.

Boeeotia under the Empire.

Copper coinage of Thebes, with magis-

trates’ names; of Tanagra, Augustus to Commodus, often without the Em- peror’s head ; of Thespie, only known under Domitian.

Prriop I. circ. s.c. 600—550.

The coinage of Beotia begins in the sixth century B.c., probably about the same time as that of Athens. In very early times the Minyan Orchomenus, once the first city in Beeotia, had been a member of the naval confederation of Calauria, on the Saronic gulf. This fact points to the ex- istence of commercial relations between Orchomenus and Aegina, the centre of trade in those waters, which is fully borne out by an examination of the ancient money of Orchomenus, which is as it were modelled upon that of Aegina.

It seems indeed probable that, as at Athens before the time of Solon, so also in Beeotia, the Aeginetan staters were at first the only circulating medium. Hence, per- haps, in these remote times there was no need felt in Beeotia for any local coinage excepting for small denomina- tions such as the obol.

This small money appears to have been provided in the first instance by the city of Orchomenus. The grain of corn, which is the type of the obols of Orchomenus, although referring more or less directly to the unrivalled productiveness of the Orchomenian Plain, may yet have been selected as a coin-type from its close resemblance, as represented on the coinage, to the well-known tortoise on the money of Aegina, which island still contributed in all probability by far the greatest portion of the currency in the Boeotian markets. The incuse square on the reverse

c

10 COINAGE OF BOCROTIA.

of these earliest Orchomenian obols is also identical with that of the Aeginetan money, and it is curious to observe that as time goes on this reverse undergoes precisely the same developments at Orchomenus as at Aegina.

Shortly after circ. B.c. 600, the Bceotian coinage, pro- perly so called, commences. Even if we had known nothing from other sources of the Beotian Confederacy, its coinage would be alone sufficient to throw some light upon the subject, for no ancient money is more clearly federal in character.

The distinguishing type of the coinage of this league is the so-called Boeotian buckler, a round or oval shield with a semicircular opening at either side. As, among others, Herakles is commonly represented on vase paintings bear- ing a shield of this peculiar form, it is probable that the coin-type originated at Thebes in the worship of Herakles, the national divinity of that city.

The most ancient coins bearing on the obverse this shield, are characterized by an incuse square on the reverse, of the ancient Aeginetan pattern, that is to say, divided into eight triangular compartments, often of very rude and irregular form, four of which are in relief, the other four being deeply indented. The obverse or shield side is either without any inscription (in which case it is presum- able that the coin is Theban), or else it has within the openings of the shield on either side the letters Y—W, T—T, or T—A, the mint-marks of the towns Haliartus and Tanagra.

These three cities, Thebes, Haliartus, and Tanagra, seem to have been the only minting places of the Beotian Confederacy during the first half of the sixth century, the obols of Orchomenus above mentioned not being con- sidered as federal money.

PERIOD I. ctrc_ B.c. 600—550. Lid

(i.) TuHEBEs.—The following uninscribed coins being of very frequent occurrence may be ascribed to Thebes.

Drachm. Beeotianshield. | Incuse square, in eight tri- 95—90 ers. angular compartments, of which four are deeply in- dented. [Brit. Mus. Pl. I. 1.] 4 Drachm. Same. Same. 45°3 grs. [Brit. Mus.] Obol. Same. Same. 15 grs.

[Brit. Mus. ] Hemi-obol. | Half shield. Same.

7° grs. [Brit. Mus. ] Tetartemorion. | Boeotianshield. | Same, 2°7 grs. [Brit. Mus. ]

(ii.) Hariartus, on the southern shore of the Lake Copais, was in early times one of the chief cities of the Boeotian Confederation, and the only one which remained faithful to the Hellenic cause in the struggle with Persia. On the following coins, which are certainly as early as any in Beeotia of the federal type, the mint-mark, consist- ing of the initial letter of Haliartus, the aspirate, is evidently not intended to attract notice, being half- concealed in the openings on either side of the shield.

Drachm. | Boeotian shield, within | Incuse square, in eight tri-

95 grs. the openings ineither | angular compartments, of side of which, which four are deeply in- W—Zz. dented.

[Brit. Mus. Pl. I. 2.] Drachm,. | Similar, but Ff—W. | Similar. 93°5 grs. [Brit. Mus. ]

12 COINAGE OF BCOTIA.

(iii.) Tanacra.—This city, which stood on the left bank of the Asopus, not far from the borders of Attica, was in importance second only to Thebes, among all the members of the Boeotian League. Its earliest coins are, saving the mint-mark, identical with those of Haliartus, and with the anepigraphic coins of Thebes.

Drachm. Beotian shield,| Incuse square, in eight com- 88°5 grs. ineitheropening| partments, of which four are -|—k. deeply indented. [Brit. Mus. ] Drachm. Similar, but one, Similar. 92 ers. =

[Num. Zeit. iii. p. 879.]

Drachm, Similar, but eae 98 grs. T—r. [Brit. Mus. PI. I. 3. ]

Hemi-drachm.|Similar, but ae

41°5 gers, —|— Fr.

[Brit. Mus. |

Obol. Beant +— Fe. 15°5 grs.

Similar.

[Brit. Mus.]

Periop II. crre. s.c. 550—480.

During the half century or thereabouts which preceded the Persian invasion, Beotia, if we may judge from its coinage, must have made a great advance in com- mercial activity. Now for the first time the stater or didrachm makes its appearance, and the incuse reverse becomes more symmetrical, the alternate incuse triangles assuming the form of a conventional device which has been compared to the sails of a wind-mill.

The mint-mark also now takes up a more conspicuous position, being placed generally in the centre of the reverse instead of being half hidden in the narrow open- ings of the shield on the obverse.

The obols have the mint letter prominently placed in the centre of an incuse square. Of this type coins are known of the following towns.

(i.) AcR#PHIUM, a town on the eastern shore of the Lake Copais, which is said by Pausanias (1x. 23, 3) to have be- longed from the earliest times to Thebes. It would seem, however, that before the Persian wars, and indeed down to about the middle of the fifth century, it must have enjoyed at any rate certain intervals of autonomy. The coins of Acreephium, B.c. 6550—480 are :—

Stater. Beeotian shield. | Py in the centre of mill-sail, 192 grs. incuse. (Paris. Wun Zeit. ix, Tats 1. 3b.)

14 COINAGE OF BCROTIA.

Obol. Beeotian shield. | Py in incuse square. 12°5 ers. [Brit. Mus. ]

Hemi-obol, | Half - Boeotian

in incuse square. 7°5 grs. shield. &X

[ Brit. Mus. ]

(11.) CoronEta, which stood on a hill at the entrance of a valley leading upwards to Mt. Helicon, visible at the head of the valley in the south, while towards the north is a broad level plain, and beyond this the Lake Copais. The coins of this city of the time before the Persian

wars are :—

Drachm. Beotian shield. | © in centre of mill-sail, in- 93 grs. cuse. [Bunbury Collection.] Obol. Beeotian shield. | G in incuse square; others 15:7 gyrs, with @.

[Brit. Mus.]

Half - Boeotian | ©, similar. shield.

[Num. Zeit. ix. p. 19.]

Beotian shield. | Q, similar.

Hemi-obol. 7°5 grs.

Tetartemorion.

4:2 ors.

[Num Zeit. l.c.]

(@u1.) Harrarrus, in B.c. 480, was utterly destroyed by the Persians on account of her having remained faithful to the Hellenic cause. The following coins are anterior to

that event :— Stater. | Beotian shield. | ] in centre of mill-sail, in- 190°5 gers. cuse; others with [Brit. Mus. Pl. I. 4.] Drachm. Beeotian shield. | Similar. 94 ets.

[ Brit. Mus. |

PERIOD II. circ. B.c. 550—480. 15

(Num. Zew. ix. p. 17.]

(iv.) Mycarzssus, a Beotian town mentioned in Homer (Il. 11. 498), was situate not far from the Euripus. Of its coinage before the Persian wars the following specimens have come down to us :—

Stater. Beeotian shield. | AA in centre of mill-sail, in- 189 grs. cuse. [Paris. Num. Zett. ix. Taf. 1. 60.] Drachm. | Same. Same. 93 grs.

[Berlin. Num. Zeit. lc. p. 21.]

Hemt-obol. Half - Beotian 4°5 gers, shield.

[Num. Zeit. ix. p. 22; Cat. Margaritis, No. 34.]

AA in incuse square.

(v.) Puarw.—As to this town, which was probably situate about four miles north-west of Tanagra, we have very little information. From the number of its coins which are still extant, it would seem to have ranked as one of the most prosperous members of the Confederacy during the flourishing period before the invasion of the armies of Xerxes.

Stater. | Boeotian shield. Q in centre of mill-sail, incuse. 192:1 grs. [Brit. Mus. Pl. I. 5.]

16 COINAGE OF BQCOTIA.

Stater. Similar, but @ in | Mill-sail, incuse. 189 grs. one of the open- ings of the shield. [Num. Zeit. ii. No. 57a] Stater. Same (lie. ® in centre of a star or floral 200 ers. pattern, the whole in incuse square. [Num. Zeit. ix. Taf. i. 85.] Drachm. | Boeotian shield. Q in centre of mill-sail, incuse. 95 grs. [Num. Zeit. iii. Taf. ix. 11.] Hemi- Same. Same. drachm. 47 grs, | [Munich. Num. Zeit. 1c. p, 872.] Obol. Same. © in incuse square. 16 grs.

[Paris. Num. Zeit, l.c.]

(vi.) Tanacra.—The only coins of this city which cer- tainly belong to Period II., being later in style than those described under Period I., are the following :—

Drachm, |Bootian shield,|Incuse square, within which four in- 90°2 grs. | in one open-} cuse compartments, symmetrically ing, F. arranged; in the alternate ones,

[Brit. Mus. Pl. I. 6.]

(vii.) THEBEs.—Of Thebes the coinage of the conclud- ing years of the sixth and early parts of the fifth centuries is very plentiful.

Stater. Beeotian shield. | G) in the centre of an incuse 192°7 grs. square, irregularly divided into eight compartments, of

which four deeply indented (mill-sail pattern). [Brit. Mus. PL I. 7.]

PERIOD II. circ. B.c. 550—480., 17 Drachm. Same. Same. 95:5 ers, [Brit, Mus, ] Femi-drachm. | Same. | Same. 46°5 grs, | 3 [Brit. Mus.] Obol. ° Same. €D in the centre of an incuse 16°4 grs. square. [Brit. Mus. } Hemi-obol. | Half shield. - | Same. 8°3 ers. [Brit. Mus. | Tetartemorion, | Boeotianshield. | Same. 4 gers. Stater. Beeotian shield. fan in centre of mill-sail incuse, 190:2 ers, “within the four sunken com- partments G—-KR—-PB—-B. [Brit. Mus. Pl. I. 8.] Stater. Boeotian shield. | G9 in the centre of a star or 190 grs. floral pattern, the whole in incuse square.

[ Num. Zeit. iii, pl.x, 19.]

The obverse of this coin being, according to Dr. Imhoof- Blumer, from the same die as one of those previously described, it must belong to the same period.

From a consideration of the above-described coins, all presumably issued before the Persian wars, it may be in- ferred that the Beeotian League at this time consisted of at least the seven cities, Acreephium, Coroneia, Haliartus, Mycalessus, Phare, Tanagra, and Thebes. The number of confederate cities, however, varied from time to time, and whether or not the towns which possessed the right of coining their own money represent only the leading members of the union, we are unable at present to decide.

d

18 . COINAGE OF. BCROTIA.

On the whole question of the constitution of the Beotian League the evidence is only too scanty. All that we are able to affirm with confidence is that the more important cities were autonomous members of the League, and that the smaller towns and villages were comprised in the territories of the larger and subject to their jurisdiction. The probability is, therefore, that those cities of which we possess the larger denominations of the silver money of any given period, were during that period the principal members of the Boeotian League.

With regard to the coins of Orchomenus the case is somewhat different. Of all the cities in Beotia Orcho- menus is the only one of which the coinage does not, in early times, bear the shield, the type of all the contem- porary federal money of the other allied cities, but its own peculiar and distinct type, the grain of corn, referring, as a religious symbol, to the extraordinary productiveness of the Orchomenian plain, the fertility of which even in our own days is so remarkable that Leake was able to count as many as 900 grains ina single ear of corn. The stem of this plant is very strong and large, and when plastered with mud forms the most common material of the present cottages near the Cephissic marshes. (Leake, N. Greece, p93.)

The fact that none of the early coins of Orchomenus are of the Federal type would seem to indicate that Orcho- menus, still perhaps the richest town in all Beeotia, con- tinued to stand aloof from the confederacy. On the other hand, as there are no large silver coins of Orchomenus of the sixth and fifth centuries, it is probable that this inde- pendence of Orchomenus was not complete. The city doubtless retained certain privileges, forms rather than

PERIOD II.) CIRC. B.c. D00—480. 19

realities, which may have served the useful purpose of recalling to the minds of the people the memory of their ancient prestige.

The following are some of the principal varieties of the coinage of Orchomenus which appear, on account of their globular fabric, to belong to the sixth and earlier part of the fifth centuries.

The thinner and flatter coins of the next Aa neory will be described in the next Period.

Obol. |Sprouting corn-grain on|Incuse square divided into 16°5 grs.| one side of which B. eight triangular compart-

ments as on the earliest coins of Aegina. [Brit. Mus. Pl. I. 9.]

The reverses of these obols are not always identical, the most frequent variety has three of the A: in relief and five incuse.

flemi-obol. | Half of sprouting | Incuse, as above.

[Brit. Mus. Pl. I. 10.]

PERIOD ITI. crre. s.c. 480—457.

Perhaps no district of Hellas suffered more from the Persian wars, both at the time and afterwards, than Beeotia. With the exception of the Platgzeans and Thes- pians, the Boeotians were generally looked upon as traitors to the cause of freedom, and treated accordingly. Not only was Thebes humiliated before all Greece, but her authority in Beeotia itself received a serious check. She was no longer able as formerly to assert her undisputed claim to the hegemony of the League. Unfortunately, we know very little of the internal affairs of Beeotia during the twenty years which elapsed between the battle of Plataa in 479 and the expedition of the Lacedeemonians into Beeotia in 457, the principal object of which was to restore Thebes to her old position as chief of the Boeotian confederacy, with the view of counterbalancing the grow- ing influence of Athens in Central Greece.

In the absence of other evidence concerning the affairs of Boeotia during the time of the humiliation of Thebes, B.c. 479—457, the coinage comes to our aid, not as affording direct information, but rather as suggesting an inference. This inference is that Tanagra, relying perhaps on the support of Athens, aspired for a time to the leader- ship of all Bootia. Of this fact, if it be one, I am not aware that there is any hint whatever in history, but the money of Tanagra struck in the name of the Bootians

PERIOD III. circ. B.c. 480—457. cA

‘tn genere’ can hardly be accounted for on any other hypo- thesis. The following are the coins to which I allude :-—

TANAGRA.

Stater. Beotian shield in 190°8 grs. | the openings of which A—{L.

[Brit. Mus. Pl. I. 13.]

is in a circle in the centre of a mill-sail ineuse.

The reverse type of this coin being (but for the letter 2 in the middle) identical with those of Period II., we may confidently place it soon after the year B.c. 479, for before the fall of Thebes Tanagra would hardly have

ventured to strike coins in the name of all Beeotia.

Stater. | Beeotian shield, on — O — | in three quarters 186°7 grs. | therim of whichat | of a wheel of four spokes, one endasmall T, | the whole in incuse circle. in the side open- ings ——>. [Brit. Mus. Pl. I. 14.] Stater. {| Bootian shield, on — O in two quarters of a

1896 grs. | the rim of which} wheel of four spokes, the at both ends ek whole in incuse circle. a

|[Brit. Mus. Pl. I. 15.]

Obol. Beeotian shield. B in incuse square. 15:5 grs. [Brit. Mus.]

The following coins of Tanagra belong apparently to the same period as those struck in the name of the

Beeotians. Stater. | Boeotianshield,in | Wheel of four spokes in incuse 184 gers. the openings of | circle. which +4 — YY.

[Brit. Mus.]

ey COINAGE OF BGIOTIA.

Similar, but F | Similar wheel, in two quarters

[Brit. Mus.] Obol. Beotian shield. | Wheel of four spokes (not letter 14-5 grs. | €) in incuse square. [Brit. Mus. | The wheel as a Tanagrean coin-type may have been borrowed from the wheel on the archaic coins of the neighbouring EKubcean town of Chalcis, which was distant from Tanagra only about 100 stadia (circ. 12 English miles), and which must have been in constant commercial relations with Aulis, the port of Tanagra on the opposite bank of the Kuripus. This interchange of coin-types between Tanagra and Chalcis is further exemplified by a remarkable stater of Chalcis of the Euboic standard in the cabinet of Dr. Imhoof-Blumer, having on the obverse a Boeotian shield and the letter VY, the initial letter of Chalcis, and on the reverse a wheel in an incuse square. Another type which may also be borrowed by Tanagra from Eubcea, in this instance perhaps rather

PERIOD I11., ctnc. B.c. 480—457, 23

from Eretria than from Chalcis, is the Gorgon-head on the following rare obol :—

Obol. Gorgon-head. | Fore-part of horse springing r., in 10°8 grs. incuse square.

[Brit. Mus. |

As, however, the weight of this piece does not exceed that of the Euboic obols, it may be attributed with equal probability to Eubcea, and to a somewhat later date (cire. B.c. 456—445), in which case the reverse type might be borrowed from the coins of Tanagra of the next period. There can be little doubt that the wheel both on the coins of Chalcis and Tanagra is symbolical of the cultus of Apollo, as a sun-god, and that the Gorgon-head symbo- lizes moon-worship.

THEBES B.c. 480—-457.—The coinage of Thebes which I would assign to the time of her humiliation, compared with that of Tanagra, is far from plentiful. Here also, as at Tanagra, the mill-sail incuse of the period before the Persian wars gives place to an artistic though simple reverse type, in this case the amphora, symbolical of the worship of Dionysus, in the same way as the wheel on the coins of Tanagra indicates that of Apollo.

Stater. | Boeotian shield. | Amphora in incuse square. 182:°2 gers. (Brit. Mus. Pl. I. 18.j Drachn. | Same. Same. 94 gers. [Brit. Mus. Pl. I. 19.] Obol. Same. Same. 15:5.

(Brit. Mus. Pl. I. 20.]

OrcnomMENUs.—The following small coins of Orcho- menus clearly belong to the same period as the foregoing.

24 COINAGE OF BCKOTIA.

‘They are much flatter in fabric than the obols of this town previous to the Persian wars. The incuse reverses are identical in style with the latest obols of Aegina, which ceased to coin silver when it surrendered to the Athenians in 456.

Obol. E—P, sprouting grain | Aeginetan incuse of the 12°5 ers, of corn. later form FQ [Brit. Mus, Pl. I. 11.]

“8 obol or E—P, three sprouting | Same. tritemorion. corn-grains.

10°2 gers.

[Brit. Mus. ] Tetartemorion. | E—R, sprouting corn- | Same.

3°5 grs. grain.

[Brit. Mus. Pl. I. 12.]

Periop IV. circ. s.c. 456—446.

The disorganization of the ancient Bosotian confederacy which was the result of the victory of the Greeks over the Persians, and of the consequent lowering of the influence of Thebes, lasted about twenty years (cire. B.c. 479 —459), during which the Athenian ascendency in Beotia was continually on the increase.

At length, however, Sparta awoke to the consciousness that the time was come to take active steps to reinstate Thebes in her old position as the effective ruler of all Beotia, in order to prevent the various autonomous com- munities in Central Greece from joining the Athenian alliance. The Lacedsmonians accordingly sent a force into Beotia, nominally to chastise the Phocians for an ageression upon the territory of the Dorians, but in reality to compel the Beotian cities to submit to the headship of Thebes. This result they brought about by rebuilding the fortifications of Thebes on a larger scale, and by establishing oligarchical governments in all the Beeotian towns.

At first Sparta was entirely successful, the Athenians, who marched across their borders to meet them, being vanquished at the battle of Tanagra (8.c. 457), but in the following year Athens not only retrieved on the field of Oenophyta, near Tanagra, all she had lost, but became absolute mistress, not merely of Bootia, but of all Central Greece. The Spartan policy was thus at once reversed,

e

26 COINAGE OF BCOTIA.

free democracies being substituted in all the towns for close oligarchies and the leading oligarchs driven into exile.

This state of affairs lasted for a period of about ten years, 456—446, during which it is probable that the principal democratical municipalities were eager to cele- brate the recovery of their autonomy by the issue of coins in their own name and bearing their own types.

We can point without hesitation to the following coinages as almost certainly inaugurated during this decade of Boeotian democratical government.

Cire. B.c. 456—446, ACRAPHIUM.

Stater. Beeotian shield.

A— K. Kantharos, above which 180°5 gers.

laurel leaf, the whole in incuse square.

(Brit. Mus, PL. IZ. 1.]

Acrephium possessed a temple and a statue of Dionysus (Paus. ix. 23, 3), to whose cultus the type of the stater refers.

CoRONEIA.

Hemi- Beeotian shield. K— O Gorgon-head in incuse drachm. R —O. square. 44°7 ers,

{Brit. Mus. Pl. IT. 2.]

Epigraphically this coin is of importance as showing that the of the coins before 480 has now given place to K. It will be observed that the Zo still retains its ancient form. ‘The Gorgon-head on the coins of this town may perhaps refer to the worship of Athena Itonia, whose temple stood within the territory of Coroneia, and was the meeting place of the council of the Beotian League

PERIOD 1V. circ. B.c. 456—446. 27

(Paus. ix. 34,1). Compare the story of Iodama, priestess of Athena Itonia (Paus. lc.), to whom, when one night she entered the sacred temenos, the goddess appeared with the Gorgon-head upon her chiton, and transformed Iodama into stone. The custom of daily kindling fire upon the altar of Iodama was still kept up at the time when Pau- sanias visited Coroneia.

Harartus. Stater. Beotian shield, of | | — S$] — A. Amphora 188°4 gers, which the rim is] wreathed with ivy, the studded with nails. | whole in incuse square. [Brit. Mus. Pl. II. 3.] Obol., | Beotian shield. J lA. Kantharos in 16°5 grs, incuse square.

[Berlin. Prok. Osten.]

A. Kantharos in incuse square.

Tetartemorion. | Boeotian shield.

3°4 gers.

[ Berlin. }

Haliartus-was, as we have seen, destroyed by the Persians in 480. It must have been rebuilt in the first half of the fifth century: the exact date we do not know. Although the above coinage can hardly have commenced before B.c. 456, there is nothing to show that it ceased in 446; it may therefore in part belong also to the next

[Brit. Mus. Pl. II. 5.]

28 COINAGE OF BCKOTIA.

Stater. | Similar. T—A. Similar horse, bridled,

189°5 grs. around his shoulder, wreath. [Num. Zeit. iii, pl. x. 15.] Stater. | Similar, TAW.. Similar. 189 ers. Brit. Mus. [ Hemi- Similar. TAW. Similar. drachm. 47°3 grs. [Brit. Mus. | Hemi- Similar. | T—A. Similar. drachm. 47 gers. [Brit. Mus. |

Obol. | Similar. T A. Horse’s head r., in in-

15°'5 gers. | cuse square. {Brit. Mus. ] Hemi- | Half Beotianshield. | T-—-A. Similar. obol. 55 ers.

[Brit. Mus.]

At Pherz in Thessaly the forepart of a horse springing from a rock perhaps represents the fountain Hypereia. It may be then that at Tanagra a similar horse (where, however, the rock does not appear) symbolizes the river Asopus, which is seen from Tanagra, forcing its way through a rocky ravine from the Parasopia into the Tanagraean plain (Leake, N. Gr. ii. 424).

Another and far more probable explanation of the horse may be sought in the worship of Apolloas a sun-god. In this case it would express the same idea as the wheel on the older coinage of Tanagra. The famous temple of Apollo at Delium, which belonged to Tanagra, was doubt- less the centre seu which this worship spread.

PERIOD Iv. circ. B.c. 456—446. 29

THERES. Stater. | Bowotianshield. | 3 — €. Amphora in incuse 187°5 grs. square. [Brit. Mus. Pl. IT. 6.] Stater. Similar. @—E. Similar. 186°6 grs. [Brit. Mus. Pl. II. 7.] Hemi-drachm.

Similar. | @. Similar.

46°2 grs. [Brit. Mus. | Hemi-Obol. | Similar. @. Similar. 5° grs.

[Brit. Mus.]

Periop V. circ. B.c. 446—426.

During the years of democratical government which followed the success of the Athenians at Oenophyta, the exiled oligarchs, no inconsiderable body, mustered their forces and had obtained possession of Orcho- menus and some neighbouring towns of smaller import- ance. The Athenians then dispatched a force to expel them, a force, however, too hastily got together, and eager more to show their mettle than to follow the wise counsels of Pericles, who advised delay. The result was a disastrous defeat in the neighbourhood of Coroneia. A counter- revolution throughout Beeotia was the immediate effect of this repulse of the Athenians, the democracies sustained by Athens were overthrown, the exiled oligarchs were reinstated, and Thebes was once more the leading state in Beeotia (B.c. 446).

From the battle of Coroneia to the commencement of the Peloponnesian war (8.c. 431), Thebes was occupied in consolidating her authority throughout Beotia. Plata alone of all the Boeotian townships remained faithful to Athens, and though only about nine English miles distant — from Thebes, steadily refused to join the League. The treacherous attack of a body of Thebans upon Platzea in 431, the subsequent two years’ siege of the brave little town by the united forces of the Peloponnesians (B.c. 429—427), the heroic defence, the hair-breadth escape of half the garrison, the surrender when at the point of starvation, the cold-blooded execution, man by man, of

PERIOD v. crRc. B.c. 446—426. bl

the sturdy defenders, and the ultimate destruction of the city B.c. 426, need only be mentioned to recall to our minds a thrilling chapter of history. With the fall of Plataa Thebes becomes the undisputed ruler of a united Bocotian Confederacy.

CoINAGE as THEBES B.c. 446—426.

Stater. Boeotian shield. | & Herakles, naked, advanc-

185°9 grs, | ing r., holding club and m—f bow, the whole in incuse square. [Brit. Mus. Pl, II. 8.] - Stater. | Similar. BERAIOS. Herakles naked, 188°2 ers. kneeling r. on one knee and

stringing his bow, the whole in incuse square.

[Brit. Mus. Pl. IT. 9.]

Stater, | Similar. | Similar, but club behind him, 194°5 gers. (Brit. Mus. ] Stater. Similar. Similar, but club in front. 195-2 gers. [Brit. Mus. ] Stater, | Similar. Same inser., Herakles kneeling r. 195 grs, on one knee and shooting an arrow from his bow, the whole in incuse square. [Brit. Mus. ] Stater. | Similar. ®|IEBAION. Herakles naked, 187 grs. stooping and stringing bow, in front club, the whole in incuse square.

[Coll. Bompois. Num. Zeit. ix. p. 38.]

Stater. peau @JEBAION. Herakles naked, 185 grs. striding towards r., carrying off the Delphic tripod and wielding his club, the whole in incuse square.

[Brit, Mus, Pl. II. 10.]

32 COINAGE OF BGROTIA.

Stater, | Similar. @®ERAIOS. Infant Herakles 189°8 grs, kneeling l., strangling serpents, the whole in incuse square. [Brit. Mus. ] Stater. | Similar. Similar, but infant Herakles kneel- 192°7 grs. ing in a more upright attitude, the whole in incuse square. (Brit. Mus. Pl. II. 11.] Stater. {| Similar. Similar, but above to 1, a large 180 grs. ivy-leaf. [Brit. Mus. ] ®BEBAIO N. Herakles wearing

Stater. | Similar.

short chiton and chlamys, kneel- | ing r. and looking back, both

hands raised, his r. ‘holding club, | the whole in incuse square.

Paris, )PloIi< 127) Stater. | Similar. | OEB A. Female figure seated r.

185°6 gers. on chair without back, holding a helmet in her hand, the whole in incuse square.

[Brit. Mus. Pl. IT. 13.] Hemi- Similar, fea] Kantharos, in _ incuse drachm. Sh square. 47 gers, [Brit. Mus. Pl, IT. 14.] Obol. Similar, Similar. 16°8 gers. [Brit. Mus. ] Obol. Similar. © in incuse square. 15 ers.

[Brit. Mus. }

Concerning the attribution of the above-described series of coins to the period of about twenty years preceding the outbreak of the Peloponnesian war, there can hardly be much doubt. Nevertheless, it must not be assumed that a// Beotian coins with the archaic forms A, B, D OM, Rk, s, Y, &c., &., are necessarily anterior to others.

PERIOD V. cIRC. B.c.’ 446—426. 30

with the later forms of those letters. The introduction of the more modern forms was a gradual process, and some of the archaic letters are met with on the coins as late as circ. 370.2 D, R, S, and Y seem to have continued in occasional use in Bosotia for many years after Q, A, and @ had ceased to be employed. A surer note of time is offered by style of art than by epigraphy. Fabric also, where both fail us, must not be overlooked, and is indeed always of the utmost value. But a wide experience is needed before the eye attains the power of accurate dis- crimination which, when once acquired, becomes almost an instinct. ;

The style of the art of the Theban coinage here given to the period s.c. 446—426 resembles in so many respects that of the Metopes of the Parthenon, which are generally believed to be rather earlier than the frieze, and to date from about 450—4465, that I have no hesitation in making them almost contemporary works. After Pheidias a remarkable change took place in Greek art, of which there are no indica- tionsin the Herakles types above described. The style of the seated female figure on the stater reading OEBA is quite consistent with that of the Herakles types, and nothwith- standing the O certainly contemporary withthem. With regard to the question as to whom this figure may repre- sent there is much doubt. I would suggest that it may be Harmonia, daughter of Ares and Aphrodite, and wife of the Theban hero Cadmus.

? See Kirchhoff, Studien, 8rd edition, pr. 183.

Prriop VI. circ. 3B.c. 426—395.

Once more did the Athenians make an attempt to regain their lost ascendency in Boeotia, in compliance with the wishes of the repressed democratic parties in the various Boeotian towns, but it was allto no purpose. Near Delium, which they had seized and garrisoned, they sus- tained a crushing defeat which put an end for ever to all hopes of recovering Beotia. From this time until the close of the Peloponnesian war and the fall of Athens, Thebes was reckoned among her bitterest enemies.

But after the close of the Peloponnesian war and the humiliation of Athens, B.c. 404, a complete revolution took place in the sentiments and policy of the previous allies of Sparta. Thebes especially, which so long as Athens was wu formidable rival was her bitterest foe, now afforded a refuge to the Athenian fugitives, and supplied sub- stantial aid to Thrasybulus in his noble struggle against the Thirty, in gratitude for which he dedicated in the Herakleion at Thebes statues of Athena and Herakles, said to be by Alcamenes (Paus. ix. 11, 4). This timely assistance and sympathy was more than requited by Athens in 396, when she sent an army into Beotia to help Thebes against the Spartans, who had invaded their ter- ritory from both sides at once. The result of this ‘ Boeotian war,’ as it is usually called, was the defeat of the Spartans and the death of their great general Lysander under the walls of Haliartus. Orchomenus, as the rival

PERIOD VI. CIRC. B.c. 426—395. 30

of Thebes, took the side of the Spartans in their struggle. From this time forward we find Thebes occupying a much more prominent position in the international policy of the Grecian states than heretofore.

During the whole of the period B.c. 426—3895, of which the above is a slight sketch, there is no indication of any Beeotian coinage except that of Thebes. This is entirely in accordance with what we should expect from all that we know of the history of the growth of the dominion of Thebes, whose harsh treatment of the other confederate towns is exemplified by her conduct towards Thespie after the battle of Delium (Xenophon, Memorabilia, iii. 5, 6).

Crass (a) Stater. Beeotian shield. ©—E. Head of bearded 182:2 ers. Herakles r., in lion’s skin; the whole in in- cuse square.

(Brit. Mus. Pl. III. 1.]

Stater. Similar. ©O—E. Similar head 1. 188-2 ers. [Brit. Mus. Pl. III. 2.] Stater. Similar. @©—E. Head of bearded 186 grs. Herakles facing.

[Num. Zeit. ix., Taf. ii., No. 129.] Hemi-obol. Half Beotian shield | OEB A. Club 1,

6°5 grs. beneath, ivy-leaf. [Brit. Mus. Pl. IIT. 3.] Hemt-obol. | Similar, but on it a | Similar. 7 grs. | hbalf-club.

[Num. Zeit. ix., No. 149.]

OEBA. Club 1., above ivy-leaf.

Hemi-obol. 6°5 grs.

Similar (no club).

[Brit. Mus. |

Tetartemorin. | Boeotian shield. B ers.

O—E. Club diagonally in incuse square.

[Num.. Zeit. ix., p. 46., No. 147.]

9

36 COINAGE OF BCOTIA.

_ Tetartemorion. | Similar. ©O—E. Club. 3°5 ers. [Num Zeit ii.Pl. X21. | Tetartemorton. | Similar. Club between © and Divers eee ivy-leaf. [Brit. Mus.} Cxass (). . Stater. Bootian shield. © Head of bearded 190°2 ers. | Dionysos r. in incuse | 3 square. [Brit. Mas. Pl. III. 4.] Stater. Beotian shield on | Similar.

189°7 grs. whieh elub. [Brit. Mus. Pl. III. 5.]

Stater. Similar. ©—E. Similar. - 187°7 grs.

(Brit. Mus. Pl. III. 6.] Of these staters numerous varieties exist.

Beeotian shield. © — EB. Kantharos, above which club, the whole in incuse square. fBrit. Mus. Pl. IIE. 7.] Similar, in field 1. battle- axe.

Hemi-drachn.

09°8 gers.

Hemi-drachm. | Similar.

38°5 grs.

{Brit. Mus.] The hemi-drachms reading Q©—EB seem to be some years earlier than others of the same type reading OEBH.

Crass (y). Peotian shield on which scmetimes a club.

©—E. Ampkora of which the upper part. is ribbed or fluted; to one or both handles an | ivy-leaf is sometimes attached: the whole in | incuse square.®

[Brit. Mus., 8 specimens. PI, III. 8.]

Stater.

°'The coin engraved by Dumersan, Cat. Allier de Haute- roche, Pl, VI. 6. Oblv. 43—Q. Amphora, an ivy-leaf hanging

PERIOD VI. circ, B.c. 426—395. of

Stater. Beeotian shield. 187°7 gers. —E. Similar am- phora; incuse square. [Brit. Mus.| Stater. Similar. O—E. Similaramphora; ‘184 gers, in field r., bunch of grapes, incuse square. [Brit. Mus. | Hemi-drachm. | Similar. ©E—BH. Kantharos,

above which club; in- cuse square.

(Brit. Mus. Pl. III. 9.]

Hemi-obot. | Half Beeotian shield | O—E. Bunch of grapes. 8 grs.

40°3 grs.

[Brit. Mus. ] Tetartemorion. | Becotian shield. ©-—-E. Bunch of grapes. 3 grs. [ Brit. Mus. | Tetartemorion. | Similar. ©—E. Bunch of grapes 3 grs. and two ivy-leaves.

[Cat. Margaritis, No. 44.]

With the exception of the staters of class (2) with the head of Herakles, all the coins of this period are of frequent occurrence. The incuse square is still plainly visible upon every well-preserved specimen. During this period a remarkable innovation takes place in the spelling. Instead of the form OEBAION we now find OEBH[ON], the letter H having been adopted to take the place of the diphthong Al some time before the introduction of the other letters of the Ionian alphabet. An intermediate method of representing this same diphthong was AE for

from one handle. tev. Incuse of the early Corinthian Swas- tica type, is probably false. The obverse appears to be from a _ die by Bekker; the reverse is certainly not Beeotian in type, and seems to be much too archaic for the obverse. <A speci- men of this coin in the Bibliotheque Nationale at Paris weighs © 02°4 grs.

38 COINAGE OF BCKOTIA.

-a short time towards the close of the fifth century, but up

to the present this form has only been noticed in inscrip- tions of Tanagra (P. Foucart, Bull. de Corr. Hell. iu. p. 136). Possibly the inscription OEBA on coins which L would place between those with ®ER AION and those with O©EBH may point to a similar transitional ortho- graphy at Thebes.

The staters of this period are of three types: (1.) the head of bearded Herakles in profile or facing, which pre- serves much of the archaic treatment; (ii.) the head of bearded Dionysus; and (iii.) an amphora. Of the two last mentioned it is hard to say which is the more recent, but probably it is the amphora, as this is the type which, as we shall see, was ultimately adopted to the exclusion of all others.

In these series the drachm is wanting; the half-drachm is distinguished by the kantharos; and the obols, &c., by the club of Herakles or the bunch of grapes.*

On all the coins of this period except the smallest the ancient incuse square is still retained, but is less sharply _ cut than on the more archaic series. In the next period it gradually disappears altogether, at first on the staters and afterwards on the hemi-drachms.°

4 Dr. Imhoof-Blumer engraves in the Num. Zeit. iii., Pl. X. 20, a hemi-obol in the Munich cabinet, wt. 8 ers. Olv. Q—E, head of Dionysus r., bearded and with wreath, the whole in dotted circle. Rev. OE in monogram in dotted square within incuse square.

This remarkable little coin, if it be Theban at all, would be- long to this period.

° A very sharply defined incuse square occurs, however, upon a series of coins which I am compelled on other grounds to as- sign to a later period (B.c. 3887374). See page 57 sq.

Periop VII. cree. B.c. 395—387.

The first offensive movement undertaken by Thebes against the Spartan Empire in Northern Greece was the expedition into Thessaly to expel the Lacedemonian harmosts and garrisons in those regions. This object was effected by the Theban leader Ismenias.

Thebes now became one of the principal states of a great anti-Spartan alliance, including among its members Athens, Corinth, Argos, and nearly the whole of Central Greece.

The events of the next few years are-in brief as follows :—

395. Formation of the anti-Spartan alliance by Thebes, Athens, Corinth, and Argos. 094. Spartan victory over the allies near Corinth. 394. Defeat of the Lacedsemonian fleet off Cnidus by Conon. Agesilaus, recalled from Asia, crosses the Hellespont and invades Beeotia from the north. Battle of Coroneia. Hard-won victory of Agesilaus. The result not unfavourable to the Thebans. Agesilaus withdraws his forces into Pelopon- nesus. -8938—887. Corinthian war and other campaigns. 391. Abortive peace negotiations. Thebes offers to recog- nise the autonomy of Orchomenus.

40) COINAGE OF BQGEOTIA.

387. Conclusion of the Peace of Antalcidas, by which the Beotian confederacy was for a time dissolved, each city in Beotia being recognised as autonomous.

Pate Goup.

Half-drachm. | Head of beard- | Q—E. Infant Herakles 46°38 grs. ed Dionysus | seated, facing, head towards right, wearing | left, strangling serpents ; be- wreath of ivy. | neath club: traces of incuse square. [Brit. Mus. Pl. III. 10.] Obol. Similar. O—E. Similar type, to- 15-8 grs. wards right; no club. [Brit. Mus. Pl. III. 11.] SILVER. Séater. Beeotian shield. | ©. Amphora of which the 191 ers. upper part is ribbed or fluted ; concave field. {Brit. Mus. ] B Stater. Similar. ©—E. Similar; in field I. 191°3 grs: bow; concave field or cir-

cular incuse. Brit. Mus.]

©O—E. Similar; in field, bow, club, or bunch of grapes; concave field. [Brit. Mus. Pl. III. 12.]

Stater. Similar. ©—E. Similar amphora, an 185°6 grs. ivy-leaf above attached to handle ; in field 1. cenochoé, concave field. [Brit. Mus. ]

Stater. Similar. 191 grs.

Stater. Similar. ©O—E. Similar amphora, 184-2 ers. the whole in wreath of ivy; . concave field.

[Brit. Mus. Pl. IIT. 18.]

PERIOD VII. CIRC. B.c. 395—387, 4]

Stater. Similar, ©O—E. Infant Herakles 186'8 grs. seated, facing, head to r., | strangling serpents ; in field | r, on One specimen a bow; | concave field. [Brit. Mus. Pl. III. 14, 15.] Stater. Similar. [O—E]. Head of bearded 188-2 grs. Dionysos facing, wearing ivy wreath; field nearly flat. [Brit. Mus. PI. III. 16.] Tritemorion. | Three half- | Same type as obverse, but on 10:2 ers. shields,inthe | each half-shield a club; centre ©. concave field.

{Brit. Mus. Pl. III. 17.]

ea) Hemi-obol. Half - Beeotian | O—E. Amphora, in field 1., 5°7 grs. shield, on} club; concave field. which club.

{Brit. Mus. Pl. III. 18.]

a) Hemi-obol. O—E. Similar; no club.

52 grains.

Similar, with- out club. [Brit. Mus. |

Beotian shield. |@—E€E. Kantharos, above, club; concave field.

[Brit. Mus. Pl. III. 19.]

Tetartemorion.

3°5 grs.

The introduction of a gold, or rather electrum, coinage at Thebes during this period is doubtless due to the inti- mate relations which commenced about this time between the Persians and certain states of Greece, and the conse- quent influx into Greece of Persian gold. The Rhodian envoy Timocrates visited this year (B.c. 395) Thebes, Corinth, Argos, and other cities with the sum of 50 talents, which he was directed by the Satrap Tithraustes to expend in the promotion of the anti-Spartan alliance.

g

42 COINAGE OF BCKOTIA.

It is noteworthy that Athens begins to coin gold money about the same time as Thebes. The Theban coins of this period are easily distinguishable from earlier coins of the same types, first by the total disappearance of the incuse square, and next by the much more infantile appearance

of the Herakles.

Periop VIII. crro. B.c. 387—374.

The condition of Beeotia after the signing of the Peace of Antalcidas was greatly changed. Though all the cities of that land, with the exception of Orchomenus and Thespize, appear to. have been sincerely attached to the time-honoured form of government, of which their elected representatives the Boeotarchs, formed the executive; and although they were on the whole content with the federal head-ship of Thebes, nevertheless there was in each of them a Separatist minority favourable to the independent auto- ° nomy of the individual communities, and this party was now won over to the Spartan alliance.

Oligarchies under Spartan patronage, and upheld by the presence in most of the towns of a Spartan harmost and garrison, were now set up throughout Beeotia, while at the same time Platza was rebuilt as a dependency of Sparta, nominally, like the rest, autonomous.

From the time of the signing of this peace there were no longer any general assemblies of the Boeotians, or any elections of the Beeotarchs. The ancient confederacy was broken up into its constituent parts.

At Thebes itself there was a Spartan faction headed by Leontiades, one of the Polemarchs. This was the man _who betrayed the Theban citadel into the hands of the Spartans under Phoebidas in B.c. 882, and drove into exile his fellow Polemarch, Ismenias, together with Pelopidas and many others. Sparta was now supreme, and for three

44 COINAGE OF BCOTIA.

‘years her will was law in every Beotian town. Then came the reaction. The carefully contrived conspiracy of Pelopidas and his friends was completely successful; the Cadmeia was recovered; the Spartans expelled ; and the ancient institutions, at least in Thebes, were restored (B.c. 379—8). The other Boeotian towns remained in the hands of the Spartans for some years longer, until the Thebans under Pelopidas gained a victory over the Lacedzemonians, B.c. 3876, which enabled them to restore the ancient con- federacy, and by the year 3.c. 374 Orchomenus was the only Beeotian town not included in the League. This city, the ancient rival of Thebes, remained faithful to Sparta down to the battle of Leuctra, z.c. 371.

This period of disintegration, 8.c. 387—374, has left marked traces upon the coinage. At no other epoch in the history of Beeotia can we point to such a variety of coin-types, the issue of somany independent mints. The Beeotian shield on the obverse is, however, still retained as a matter of custom, rather perhaps than as the symbol of any actual union between the different Boeotian cities.

The following are the coins of the non-Theban mints which, perhaps with a few exceptions, can only belong to this period. The coinage of Thebes itself is less easily distinguished, and will be discussed later on.

CHAERONEIA. Hemi-drachm. | Beotian shield. | X in two lines, between 36 grs. Al. them a club r.

[Prok. Ost., 1854, Taf. ii. 49.]

XA! in two lines, be- PONE. tween them club Yr.

Bronze. Similar.

Size 4, Mion.

[Prok. Ost., 1. ¢. No. 50.]

Chaeroneia, which was formerly included in the terri-

PERIOD VIII. CIRC. B.C. 887—d/74. 45

tory of Orchomenus, probably obtained autonomy at the Peace of Antalcidas.

Copm. Obol. Beotian shield. | KQPAIO.N. Forepart of bull, 10°8 grs. rushing r.

(Brit. Mus. Pl. IV. 1.] Bronze. Beeotian shield. | K—{2. Bull’s head, facing. Size 14. [Prok, Ost., 1854, Pl. II, 51.]

The town of Copz stood on the edge of the Lake Copais, not far from the Katabothra, into which the Cephissus flows on emerging from the lake. The rushing bull may symbolise that river.

CoRONEIA. Obol. Beotian shield. | K—O. Gorgon-head in circular 14 gers, incuse. [Brit. Mus. | Obol. Similar. No inscription ; similar. 10:2 grs. [Brit. Mus. ] Obol. Similar. O-—s. Head of Athena Itonia 13°5 ers. facing, wearing helmet with three crests.

{Brit. Mus. Pl. IV. 2.]

O-—K(?). Head of Athena Itonia helmeted, r., in circular incuse.

[Brit. Mus.]

Obol. Similar. 16 gers.

These are the latest-known coins of Coroneia. It is not probable that this city continued to strike money after B.c. 374, although it remained for about ten years after that date a member of the confederacy, when it appears to have been destroyed by the Thebans and its territory appro-

46 COINAGE OF BQEOTIA.

priated, about the same time that Orchomenus was similarly treated, circ. B.c. 364.

HALIARTUS.

Stater. 182 gers.

ARIARTIO2. Naked Poseidon on which tri- | advancing right, striking with dent. trident.

[Imhoof Coll., Num. Zeit. iii. Taf. ix. Fig. 8. Pl. IV. 3.]

This remarkable stater is attributed by Dr. Imhoof- Blumer to the same period as the early Theban staters reading @EB AlOS. I venture to give it to a later time, first, because it has a symbol on the shield, which

Bosotian shield,

I believe never occurs on any of the Theban coins of that early date ; next, because there are no traces of an incuse square on the reverse, while on the Theban coins B.c. 446—426 the incuse square is always clearly defined; and in the third place, because the figure of Poseidon is far less archaic than any of the figures on the Theban coins in question. The similarity in the form of the inscription does not, in my judgment, outweigh the other considera- tions, for it is well known that many archaic forms of letters remained in use in Beotia even down to the time of Epaminondas.® The type of this coin refers to the cele- brated temple and grove of Poseidon at Onchestus in the territory of Haliartus, which was the meeting-place of the Amphictyonic Council of the Boeotians (Strab. ix. 2, 338). The statue of Poseidon Onchestus was still standing there in the time of Pausanias (ix. 26, 5).

LEBADEIA. Di-obol. | Bosotian shield. { A—E In two lines, between 29:3 ors. B—A. them, a thunderbolt.

[Arch. Zeit., 1848, Pl. XVIII. 6.]

6 See Kirchhoff, Studien, third edition, p. 1838.

PERIOD VIII. CIRC. B.c. 387—374. 47

This is the only known silver coin of Lebadeia. Cave- doni (Arch. Zeit. 1851, p. 384) takes the thunderbolt to be a symbol of the worship of Zeds “Yérvos, whose statue stood in the grove of Trophonius in the open air (Paus. Peau, 3).

MycALEssus.

Obol. Beotian shield. | M—Y. Thunderbolt. 18 grs.

[Brit. Mus. Pl. IV. 4.]

Obol. Similar. Y—M._ Similar. 12°5 gers.

[Brit. Mus.]

Hemi-obol, Half Bootian ore. shield.

[Imhoof, Num. Zeit. ix. No. 63.]

M—Y. Thunderbolt,

Tetartemorion. | Boeotian shield. |M—Y. Thunderbolt.

2:7 grs,

[Num. Zeit. ii. Taf. ix. No. 4.]

Tetartemorton. | Similar. Bunch of grapes between ivy-

4 grs, leaf, and S [pM].

[Num. Zeit. i, Taf. x. 13.] 2 Obol. Similar, M over a kantharos, in in- 2°5 grs. cuse square.

[Num. Zeit. ix. No. 64.]

Mycalessus was utterly destroyed by some Thracian mercenaries in B.c. 418. Ido not know whether there is any evidence as to its having been restored other than the coins above described, which are too recent in style to be attributed to the time before the destruction. Although this town does not seem to have ever attained to any impor-

48 COINAGE OF BQCRKOTIA.

tance, it probably enjoyed a few years of autonomy between B.c. 387 and 374.

ORCHOMENUS. ¢ Obol or E—P. Three sprouting | Free horse, Tritemorion. grains of corn. [Brit. Mus. Pl. IV. 10.] 3 Obol. Similar, beneath, ER. Wheel of four spokes, [Num. Zeit. iii, Taf. ix. 8.] 3 Obol. Similar, Wreath composed of two ears of corn. [Num, Zeit. ui, Tat. ix. 9.] 4 Obol. Half - sprouting corn- | E—R. Ear of corn. grain in field, some- times ivy-leaf. [Brit. Mus. Pl. IV. 11.] + Obol or E—R. Sprouting grain | E—R. Ear of corn.

of corn.

[Brit. Mus. Pl. IV. 12.]

Tetartemorion.

Many slight varieties of the above coins are known with the letters 3, 43, ER, EP, and in one instance OP, on one or both sides. These smail coins of Orchomenus probably extend over the whole period between B.c. 395, when Orchomenus revolted from the League and joined the Spartans, and 364, the year of its destruction.

The following larger coins, having on the obverse the Beeotian shield, belong to the latter part of the same period, the stater with the amphora being closely copied from the new Federal coinage first issued at Thebes about B.c. 879—8 (see below, p. 61. Pl. V. 1—5).

Stater. | Boeotian shield. | EPX. Free horse galloping r., 183:2 grs. above, YAOPO and ear of corn.

[Brit. Mus.; Millingen, Anc, Coins, Pl. IV. 6. Pl. IV. 5.]

PERIOD VIII, circ. B.c. 387—374. 49

Stater. | Similar. | Similar, without EPX. [ Mion. Suppl. ii. 520, 97.] Hemi- | Similar. EPX within a wreath composed drachm. of two ears of corn. 38°3 gers. [Brit. Mus. Pl. IV. 9.] Stater. Beotian shield. | EP—XQ. Amphora, of which 186 grs, the upper half is fluted, in field r. ear of corn.

[Brit. Mus. Pl. IV. 6.] Stater. | Similar. ! O—X Similar amphora ;

167 ers | E—P. above, EVD. {Num. Zeit. ix. Taf. i. 83.] Stater. | Similar, onshield | EP—XO. Similar amphora; 189°5 ers. | ear of corn. above, EY. [Brit. Mus. Pl. IV. 8.] Séater. | Similar, shield | EP—X. Similar ; above, EYDO, plain. in field 1. ear of corn. [Cat, Allier de Hauteroche, Pl, VI. 2.]

Stater, | Similar. EP—[X?]. Similar; above, 183°2 ers. EY BO, in field r. ear of corn.’ (Brits Muse PLGLy...7,| Stater. | Similar. E—P. Similar amphora; above,

187 grs. EYAO.

[Prok. Ost. Ined., 1859, p. 14.] Stater. | Similar. E—P Similar amphora ; 168 grs. | O—X. above, EYAO.

[Prok. Ost. Ined., 1859, p. 15.]

The above-described coins have the appearance of having been issued by the Separatist party in power at Orcho- menus as a sort of protest against the arrogance of the Federal party at Thebes, who were endeavouring to cen- tralise the government of all Bceotia in Thebes alone.

The magistrate whose name appears on these Orcho-

7 Traces of the ear of corn are visible on the original coin, but net on the Plate. PL)

50 COINAGE OF BCEOTTA.

“menian coins, variously spelt YAOPO, EVD, and EYAO, may be supposed to have held in that city the same post (perhaps that of a Polemarch) as the magistrate at Thebes, who is responsible for the contemporary Federal money.

The following bronze coin may also belong to this

period :— AK., size 8. Beotian shield on | E—P—X—O _ between Average wt. which ear of corn. | the eight rays of a star. 40 grs, [Brit. Mus. Pl. IV. 13.] PHARZ.

Obol. Beotian shield. | @—A. Amphora. 12 gers.

[Brit. Mus. | Obol. Similar, @—A. Amphora, to left of 12°5 grs. which, ear of corn. [Brit. Mus. |

Between the Persian wars and the Peace of Antalcidas, a period of nearly a hundred years, Pharee struck no coins. At the Peace of Antalcidas its autonomy, like that of the other Beeotian cities, was restored.

PLATAA.

Hemi-drachm. | Bootian shield. | PAA. Head of Hera r.,

38°7 grs. wearing stephanos. [Brit. Mus. Pl. IV. 14.°] Di-obol. Similar. Similar. 28°5 ers, [ Rev. Num., 1860, p. 270. ] Obol. Similar. No inscription. Similar, 9°7 grs.

[Rev. Num. 1. ¢.] DAA. Head of Hera facing,

wearing stephanos.

[Brit. Mus. Pl. IV. 15.5]

Hemi-drachm. | Similar.

37°2 ers,

* Nos. 14 and 15 are by an oversight marked Ai on the Plate.

PERIOD’ VIU. CIRC. B.c, 387-—374. 41

There are no coins of Plateaa which can be attributed either to the time before the Persian wars or even to the remaining portion of the fifth century. After its destruc- tion by the Peloponnesians in 426 no coinage is possible until the Peace of Antalcidas, B.c. 387, when it was restored by the Lacedzmonians, to be again destroyed by the Thebans in B.c. 372. This is the period to which the above-described silver coins appear to belong. Some of the copper coins may belong to this period, others are apparently subsequent to the restoration of the town for the third time by. Philip of Macedon after the battle of Cheeroneia.

The head of Hera on these coins may be that of the statue by Praxiteles in the Herwum (Paus. ix. 2, 7).

BRonzE B.c. 3887—374 ?

A. 3. | Boeotian shield. | [ in laurel-wreath. [Prok. Ost. Ined., 1854, Taf. ii. 56.]

A. Size 1t. | Head of Hera r.,| PAA. Bull walking r. 27 and 18 grs. | wearing stephane. [ Brit. Mus. |

fH. 2. Similar. Similar type l. 15:4 grs, [Num. Zeit. ii, Pl. IX. No. 12.]

Of the following two coins, the first seems to belong to a later period than the foregoing ; but as it stands alone I have not thought it necessary to remove it from the other pieces. The second coin is very probably not Plateean at all.

i, 33. Head of Apollo, | PAA Dionysus, or Zeus | TAI Eleutherios (?) L., with flowing hair.

[Prok. Ost. Ined., 1854, Taf. ii. 58.)

in circle of dots.

O2 COINAGE OF BCKOTIA.

HA, | Hooad of Pallas, hol} //////AAT1O/|///////- meted r., MAAT- | Owl r.,infront of olive- EI/////. hence [Rev. Num., 18438, Pl. X. 5.] TANAGRA. Stater. | Boeotian shield. | T—A. Forepart of horse spring- 182°7 grs. ing r., his neck bound with laurel- wreath, the whole in concave field.

[Brit. Mus. Pl. IV. 16.]

Obol. Similar. 10°38 grs.

Similar.

[Brit. Mus. ]

Stater. | Similar. TA. Similar, but beneath horse 180 grs, bunch of grapes.

[Num. Zeit. iii. 881.]

Obol. Beeotian shield. 15:4 gers.

TA. Forepart of horse or in concave field.

[Brit. Mus.]

Of these obols there are many varieties reading J —A, TA— NA, Le A &e., the horse on the reverse being

sometimes to the left. A specimen described by Mionnet, il. p. 107, has the letter in the field.

T—A. Horse’s head r.,

Hemi-obol. | Half Boeotian shield. in concave field.

6°7 grs.

[Brit. Mus. |

Tetartemorion., | Beeotian shield. | Similar, r. or 1.

4 ors. [Num. Zeit. ix. No. 95.] Tetartemorion. | Similar. T—A. Forepart of horse 24 grs. l., in concave field.

[Num. Zeit. ix. No. 100.]

On all the above coins the square incuse is replaced by

PERIOD VIII, cIRC. B.C, 38/—374. 53

a circular one, which little by little disappears altogether. The coinage of small silver coins at Tanagra during this period appears to have been very plentiful; among the most recent specimens are the following.

Obol. Beeotianshield. | Forepart of bridled horse, beneath 13°7 grs. ivy-spray. [Brit. Mus. | Obol. Similar. T—A. Similar; beneath, ivy- 14 grs. leaf. (Brit. Mus. | Obol. Similar. T—A. Similar; beneath, grapes. 12°7 grs. (Brit. Mus. ] Obol. | Similar. T—A. Similar; beneath, pellet. 14 grs. [Num. Zeit. iii. No. 75.] Obol. Similar. T—A. Similar; in field, =. 14°5 grs. [Num. Zeit. iti. No. 76.] Obol. Similar. AT. Stern of galley, in concave 18 grs. field.

[Num. Zeit. ix. No. 101.] Obol. | Similar, TA. Stern, r. or 1.

13:7 grs. [Brit. Mus. ] Hemi-obol. | Half Bootian| TA. Stern 1. 6 grs, shield. (Brit. Mus. ]

Tanagra was not, like many of the Boeotian towns, cut off from the sea, for its harbour of Aulis was, according to Strabo (ix. 403), capable of containing fifty galleys. Hence, perhaps, the above coin type.

54 COINAGE OF BCKOTIA.

THEBES.—It now remains to be considered what was the coinage of Thebes herself during this period of Spartan supremacy in Beeotia, B.c. 887—379. ‘The provisions of the Peace of Antalcidas investing with autonomy the ~ various members of the Bcoeotian confederacy were a blow to the Theban influence throughout the length and breadth of the land such as had not been felt since the Persian wars. The effect which this loss of supremacy had upon the coinage was probably a very considerable diminution in the quantity of money issued from the Theban mint, but it does not seem certain that any change was made in the types.

There is, however, a class of hemi-drachms and smaller coins, reading BOIQ. and BO! (Pl. IV. 17), distinctly later in style than those of the same type described above (p. 36 sq.), reading OEB and OEBH (PI. III. 7, 9), while they are earlier than another series of similar coins mith- out the incuse square which I have attributed to a subse- quent period (see p. 78 and Pl. V. 12). These coins, struck in the name of Beotia ‘in genere,’ fall naturally therefore into this intermediate period when, it will be remembered, Thebes put in a claim to sign the peace on behalf of the whole of Beeotia.

Although this claim was not admitted by Sparta, it does not seem improbable that Thebes may have issued coins in assertion of some such claim about this time.

The following are the coins in question :—

Beotian shield | BO—1Q. Kantharos, above

Hemi-drachm.

38 ers. which, thunderbolt. [Brit. Mus. | Hemi-drachm. | Similar. Similar; above, club. 32 grs.

[Brit. Mus. ]

PERIOD VIII. CIRC. B.C. 387—374. 5)

Hemi-drachm. | Similar. B—Ol. Similar. 41°3 grs. [Brit. Mus.] Hemi-drachm. ares B—Q. Above kantharos a

39°7 ers. club ; in field r., ivy-leaf. [Brit. Mus.] Hemi-drachm, | Similar. B—Ol. Similar. 40°5 grs.

(Brit. Mus. Pl. IV. 17.] Hemi-drachm, | Similar. BO—!I. Similar.

41 ers,

[Brit. Mus. ]

Hemi-drachm. | Similar. BO—f. Similar, but in field 37°7 grs. | r., grapes. [Brit. Mus. |

The above coins all have traces more or less distinct of the incuse square on the reverse.

Tetartemorion. | Beotian shield | B—O. Bunch of grapes in

3'1 grs. concave field. [Brit. Mus.] THESPLA. Hemi-drachm. | Boeotian shield | Noinscr. Amphora; infieldr., 43 grs, crescent, the whole in incuse | square. [Brit. Mus. Pl. IV. 21.] Obol. Beotian shield | O—E—S—PF'l around two 15:2 grs. crescents back to back, the whole in concave field. [Brit. Mus. Pl. IV. 18.] Obol. Similar. OES. Crescent, horns up- 14:4 ers. wards.

(Brit. Mus. Pl. IV. 19.]

Hemi-obol. Half Beotian| OES. Similar. 5°7 ors. shield. Prokesch-Osten. Arch. Zeit., 1849., Taf. ix. 13.]

Beeotian shield | OES. Similar.

Tetartemorion,

D grs,

[Brit. Mus.]

Note.—On the above coins the ¢ is sometimes re- versed 2.

56 COINAGE OF BQOTIA.

Stater. | Beeotian shield | OEsSM—IKON. Head of 191°5 gers. Aphrodite r., wearing earring and necklace ; in front and beneath, a crescent; the whole in concave field.

[Brit. Mus. Pl. IV. 20.]

Hemi-drachm. | Similar. O—E— S. Similar head; in 43 5. | front, crescent. [ Brit. Mus. ] Obol., Beotianshield, | ©. Similar head, no cres- 14:2 gers. onwhicheres- | cent. cent. ;

{[Brit. Mus. ]

Thespiz, like Platea, an ancient enemy of Thebes, became, after the peace of Antalcidas, B.c. 387, one of the strongholds of Sparta in Beeotia. When, therefore, Thebes in 379—8 shook off the foreign yoke and began to recon- stitute the old confederacy, Thespiz and Platea were among the last of the Beeotian towns to submit, and did so in the end only by constraint when their friends the Spartans had been finally driven out of the country, cire. B.C. 376.

it is probable that all the above-described varieties of silver coins of Thespize fall into the ten or dozen years between 3.c. 887 and circ. 8376—4, for subsequently the Thespians were, however unwillingly, attached to the League and no longer in the enjoyment of autonomy. At the battle of Leuctra, in B.c. 371, this hostility of the Thespians to the Boeotian cause was evidenced by their retirement en masse from the ranks before the engage- ment; after which the Thebans refused to readmit them as members of the League and expelled them from Beeotia.

The coins of this city are epigraphically very instruc- tive, as indicating the exact period of the introduction of

PERIOD VIII. CIRC. B.C. 387—d74. on

the $ in place of the older form ¢, and should be com- pared with the contemporary coins of Orchomenus, which show the substitution of A for the older D, and P for R, : and with those of Haliartus with ARIARTIOS, &c.

Mythologically also the coins of Thespiz are of value, as they prove that in addition to Eros, who was the god especially revered at that city, Aphrodite Melainis (Pausanias, ix. 27) was there worshipped as a moon goddess. The crescent-moon is more constant as a mint-mark on the coins of Thespiz than the club on those of Thebes, the ear of corn on those of Orchemenus, er the trident on those of Haliartus.

UNCERTAIN. Cigc. B.c; 387— 374, (a. ) Hemi-drachm. | Boeotian shield. A—@- Amphora in in- 36 grs. cuse square. [Num. Zeit. ix. No. 48. Coll. Soutzo, Athens.]

Hemi-drachm. | Similar. A—P. Similar. 40 grs. {Berlin. Prokesch-Osten Coll. | (0.) Stater. Beotian shield. A—|. Amphora in in- 186 grs. cuse square; above amphora, pellet. [Num. Zeit. ii. p. 826, No. 9.] Drachm. Beeotian shield, on | A—l. Amphora in in- 90°8 grs. which caduceus, cuse square,

[Brit. Mus. Pl. IV. 22.]

Similar, no cadu- {| A—J. Similar. ceus.

Hemi-drachm. 44°2 ors,

[Brit. Mus. |

A—fl. Kanthayros in in-

Tetartemorion. | Similar. cuse square.

3-7 grs.

[Brit: Mus.]

¢

58 COINAGE. OF BQROTTA.

(c.) Hemi-drachm. | Boeotian shield. b4 grs,

A—O. Amphora in in- cuse square.

[Cat. Margaritis, Pl. I. 36.]

A—Q.. Similar.

Hemi-drachm. | Similar. - 36°5 ers. | [Paris and Berlin. Prokesch-Osten Coll.

(1.)

Beeotian shield. No inser. Amphora, in

Pl. IV. 23.]

Hemi-drachm. 43 ers. field ¢, the whole in in- cuse square. {Brit. Mus. PJ. IV. 21.] (Probably struck at Thespie, see p. 57). (¢.) Drachm. | Beeotian shield. No inser. Amphora in 87 gers. incuse square. [Brit. Mus. ] Hemi-drachm. | Similar. Similar, 44°5 ors. [Brit. Mus.]

(Ff)

Beeotian shield. H—I. Bunch of grapes.

Tetartemorion.

4 ors. [ Rev. Num., 1869, Pl. VI. 15.] (g.) Tetartemorion. | Boeotian shield. | =. Bunch of grapes, in

field 1. ivy-leaf. [un eel, Mie Pek LO. (Perhaps struck at Mycalessus, if S=M, see p. 47).

4 ors.

To what town or towns the above described series of coins belong it 1s difficult to decide. Dr. Imhoof-Blumer has proved most satisfactorily that none of the old attri- butions, such as Delium, Dionysia, Olmium, &c. (Num. Zeit., ii. p. 826, sqg. 1x. p. 15), can be accepted, although

PERIOD VIII, CIRC. B.C. 38/—374. 59

he has no objections to offer to Haliartus as the place of mintage of the coins with A — P.

For my part I am inclined to attribute the whole series to a later period than has hitherto been usual, and to look upon the letters on the reverse as the initials not of towns but of magistrates.

That they are not contemporary either with the anepi- graphous coins of Haliartus and Thebes, with the amphora, (n.c. 480—456, Pl. I. 18, 19), or with those reading Is] A and 3—Q, which I have given to Period IV. (B.c. 456—446, Pl. II. 3, 6, 7), will be evident to any one who examines the two classes side by side. Not only are they of a- much flatter and more recent fabric, but some of them bear a symbol (caduceus) upon the shield, an indication that they cannot well be earlier than the latter end of the fifth century, after which time a symbol very commonly appears in this position. More- over the © on the two hemi-drachms in the Bibliothéque Nationale and in the Prokesch-Osten Collection now at - Berlin is quite distinct, and this brings them down at any rate to B.c.400. At this time, however, and as late as the Peace of Antalcidas, B.c. 387, there was no coin in Beotia except that of Thebes. Is there any reason, then, why they should not be brought down to the period of auto- nomy subsequent to B.c. 387? I know of none except the presence of the well-defined incuse square on the reverses; and although as a general rule there is no better indication of date than the presence or absence of the incuse square, no numismatist will deny that there are exceptions to this rule [cf. my ‘Coinage of Syracuse,” dela its |.

I would suggest, therefore, that these coins may have been struck at various Bootian cities B.c. 387—374,

60 COINAGE OF BQOTIA.

- among which the crescent may stand for Thespie and the caduceus for Tanagra (?),? not yet brought under sub- jection by Thebes. The magistrates’ names, as at Orcho- menus and Thebes during the same period, are doubtless those of the local superintendents of the currency at the cities in question.

* The worship of Hermes at Tanagra is referred to by several of the late bronze coins.—Num. Zeit. ix. p. 29, sqq.

eee

Periop LX. crec) pc. 379—338.

Turses.—Next follows a long series of Bocotian di- drachms which, judging by style, certainly commences early in the fourth century—odv. Becotian shield, rev. am- phora and the three or four first letters of a magistrate’s name. Of these names a very large number is known, so many indeed that there ean be no doubt that this series must extend down to the capture of Thebes by Philip in B.e. 338. The point to be settled is the exaet date of its com- mencement.

The total number of names handed down to us by these coins is about forty. It is also, on other grounds, tole- rably certain that this coinage lasted about forty years.

The temptation to regard the names on the coins as those of the eponymous archons of the Beotians is doubt- less very strong. Nevertheless, when we bear in mind how improbable it is that the number of names now known can be anything like the complete list, I think it is safer to reject the theory that they are the names of the annual eponymi, either of the Beotian League or of the city of Thebes, for there was an eponymous archon in each town as well as an eponymous archon of the whole League.

It seems to me that it is, on the whole, more reasonable to suppose that certain municipal (or federal) magistrates, perhaps the three Polemarchs (concerning whose duties see Foucart, Bull. de Corr. Hell. iv., Inscriptions d’Orcho-

62 COINAGE OF BCOTIA.

-méne), who were elected annually, formed themselves into a committee for the regulation of the currency, and that the president of this board placed his name upon the coin struck during his term of office.

Supposing, therefore, that of the three Polemarchs each was in turn president of the board of currency for a term of one month, and that there were several issues from the . Theban mint during the year, it might so happen that the names of all three Polemarchs appeared on the coinage during their year of office, or, on the other hand, it might happen that all the issues took place quarterly, and in those particular months during which the same man hap- pened to be president. In this case of course only one name would appear on the coinage for the year in ques- tion. It is thus manifest that when ence the eponymous character of the signature on the coins is not provable the number of names can be but a very rough test of the duration of any given series of signed coins.

We must, therefore, have recourse to other methods of fixing the date of the commencement of this series of coins.

It should be noted: Ist, that the coinage in question forms a single and unbroken series ; 2nd, that it is federal in character, not bearing the. name of any one city in particular ; 3rd, that it is closely imitated by certain coins of Orchomenus above described (see p. 49, Pl. LV. 6—8). It would seem, therefore, that it must have been in circu- lation before the destruction of that city, B.c. 364.

Now, as we have already traced the Theban coinage down to about B.c. 387, we may take it for granted that the new federal coiage can hardly have commenced before that date; and from z.c. 387—879, as the Boeotian confederacy had ceased to exist, no general coinage on a large scale such as this is possible. But with the appoint-

PERIOD IX. CIRC. B.C. 379—3888. 63

ment of the new Beotarchs, Pelopidas, Mellon, and Charon, in B.c. 3879—8, the reconstitution of the League com- menced, and by the year 3.c. 374 it was again generally recognised throughout Beeotia, excepting at Orchomenus. The year of the restoration of the old order by Pelopidas and his friends, p.c. 379—8, seems therefore to be the date when the new federal money was first issued, and the fact that it does not bear the name of Thebes is an aildi- tional argument for its having originated at a time when the Theban authority was not generally recognised by the other cities.

That there is a difference in style and paleography between the earliest and latest specimens of this long series of didrachms is indisputable. By patient and pro- longed study and comparison of minute points of detail, one might even arrive, perhaps, at an approximately correct chronological classification of the whole series. This, how- ever, is a task which if is hardly worth while to undertake. I proceed, therefore, to give a list of all the names on this class with which I am acquainted, arranged in alphabetical

19 Amphora with tall stem.

64 COINAGE OF BCKOTIA. ‘ | NAME. ABOVE. ON HANDLE. | IN FIELD.

AN—TI Dolphin Mion. S. iii. 10. iT— L. Miler, Cat. Thor WA waldsen, 293.

AP—OA| Grapes B. M., Mion. 18. AR—KA Leake, p. 28. AP—KA two iry- B. M., Mion. 19. leaves on each’ handle . FA—=ST Cat. Allier, p. 45. FA—=T | Corn-grain B. M., Mion. 46. [Pl. V. 4.] FA—ST | Ivy-branch B. M., Mion. 47. 3 FA—=ST | Bucranium Num. Zeit. ix. p. 7,16. A—= Bull's head nee Wie me r. grapes | B. M. A—s grap | A—= Club crescent | Mion. S. iii. 11. QD A—s Olub B. M. 0 is fi . M. AA—IM pe AA—IM Club ivy-leaf Beaty Descr. p. 172, AA—MO Cat. Allier, p. 45. AA—M|O)_ Ivy-wreath B. M. AA—MO Club L. ivy-branch B. M. [Pl. V. 3.] AA—MO Club l. ivy-leaf Num. Zeit. p. 1; ie AA—MQ Club l. ivy-branch B. M. AA—MQ Wreath Mion. 21; M. Six, AA—MO ? AA—MO Club B. M. K A A-—I Club B. M. oO fF Al—O[ K? B. M. AI—OK Mion. 2%. AI—QN? B. M. ErP—rA Dr. Imhoof-Blumer. Ef'—JA | Beeotian shield Mion. 24. Ea) Rose B. M. [Pl. V. 2.]

11 Altered in the die from coin, reading EN—DPA.

PERIOD 1X. ctRc. B.c. 379——338.,

NAME. ABOVE. ON HANDLE. | IN FIELD. ErR—AM B. M. E|P-AM” B. M. FE—Pr B. EY—FA | Club & grapes : (Pl. V. 5.] P A EY—FA Crescent Mion. 28. P A ) EY—FA Grapes r. club | Pembroke, 736; Mion. PA S. 16. ne Mion. 8S. 15; Pem- EY—Il : broke, 740. E—E Club r, & 1. ivy- B. M. Y leaf FES Club r. & 1. ivy- B. M. leaf -E—XE B. M., Mion. 26. OE—OPr Caduceus B. M. OE—OT Club Leake, Sup. p. 117. OE—OP Prokesch. Ined. 1859,_ pe LG: OE-OT* Mion. 34. HI—KE Club r. ivy-leaf B. M. HI—KE™ Club r. & L.ivy- | 1. olive- | Mion. 31. leaf sprig HiI—KE [Club ?] r. & livy- | yr, olive- | B. M. leaf sprig HI—KE_ | Laurel-wreath B. M. HIS—ME B. M. His— Eckhel, ii. p. 196. MEN KA—BI B. M.. KA—AI Mion. 36. KA—AA Hunter, No. 14. KA—AAI B. M. Ky—EE r. thymia-| Fox, Uned. Coins, i., terion No. 88, pl. viii. Ky—EE= r. thymia-| Num, Zeit. ix. p. 8, terion oe K|A-EES | Laurel-wreath Paris. KA—E[S| Laurel-wreath B. M., M. Six. KA—!IQ B. M.

2 Plated. 3 Probably misread for OEOM. * Cast, weighing only 164 grs.

k

COINAGE OF BQCEOTTA.

NAME ABOVE. ON HANDLE. | IN FIELD. KAI-QN| iy? Ss KA-lQON” KP—AT AY—KI =E—NO"* Arrow OA—YM | Laurel-leaf ? OA-YM" Spear-head ? ON—A= DPE—AI* PT—OII mn pond FL r. club Ha r. club Ae MI 1. club TI—MI Club 1. ivy-leaf TI—MO ; o|—AO Grapes oI—AO Grapes YA —RO | Laurel-wreath YA— RO | Ivy-wreath om] r. & l.ivy- YA RO Bs YA—RO } yh Ra Ivy-leaf i Pl Ba fiche

Mion. 38.

Bont: BAe: v. Prokesch. Ined., 1859, p, 16 & 2I. Mion. 39; Rec. pl, 72, 6.

B. M.

Eckhel. M. Cees., p. 110, 6.

B. M.

M. Six.

B. M, Mion. 42.

Num. Zeit. ix. p. 8, 20.

B. M.

B. M. B. M. B. M. M. Six. B. M.

(Pl. V.1] Mion. 48; Pellerin, Rec.-1., ple

B. M.

Num. No.

Num. Zeit. ix. p. 9, No. 22.

Prokesch. Ined., 1859, D.16.

eit. ix. pz 9, 3 23.

Concerning some of these names a few remarks are called for. Above all, we must be careful not to strain

15 A plated specimen at th

on the obv.

16 Amphora entirely fluted.

17 These two are probably identical. ® Amphora entirely fluted.

4? On shield on obv. club.

e Hague has a fish on the shield

DP PRRIODIX. CIRC, “EB, Colog9——=500, 67

the classification, which should rest upon style, for the purpose of identifying any of the names with those of persons mentioned in history. Thus, for instance, although HI=ME doubtless stands for az Ismenias, it- would be rash to assert that it is the great Isnienias, one of the Polemarchs of Thebes in B.c. 382, the victim of the treachery of his colleague Leontiades, and judicially mur- dered by the Spartans in the same year.

Not only is the coin reading HISME later in style than is consistent with such a supposition, but there is every reason to suppose, as I have already remarked, that the signed money did not commence for some three or four years after the death of that distinguished Theban. ANAP also, on another coin, for the same reasons can hardly stand for Androkleidas, who was murdered while in exile at Athens, by an assassin hired for the purpose, by the usurping rulers of Thebes, circ. B.c. 879. Again, KABI cannot be the eponymous archon of Thebes for the year B.c. 3/9, named Kabeirichos, who was slain together with the two Polemarchs, Archias and Philippos, by Pelopidas and the other Liberators (Plutarch, De Gen. Soc. c. 30), since the coin which bears this name is not by any means one of the earliest of the series.

On the other hand, there is no absolute objection to the identification of the WARO on the coins with the Charon of history, one of the Liberators and a Beotarch in B.c. 379—8, the very year in which I suppose this coinage to have commenced, although, as Dr. Imhoof-Blumer has remarked,”® this is an abbreviation more conformable to such a name as Xaporivos.”)

2 Biiné AEN (roe 24 Wa - 4 Cf.-Boeckh, C. I. G., 1575, XAPONINO APXONTO® BOIOTOI2.

68 COINAGE OF BCEOTIA.

Nor does there seem to be any objection to a recognition of the name of the illustrious Epaminondas in the EP’ PA, EM AMI, and EP? AM of the coins. Epaminondas was a Beotarch in 371, 370, 369, 367, 368, and 362.

AAAMO, GEOPM, and HISME may also stand for Damokleidas, Theopompus, and Ismenias, all friends of Pelopidas (Plutarch, Pelop. c. 7, 8; Diod. xv. 78), the last- mentioned perhaps a’son of the great Ismenias, and on more than one occasion a colleague in office with Pelo- pidas. |

It is unfortunate that among so many names we have no precise information as to what offices excepting that of Boeotarch, in the cases of Charon and Epaminondas, the men who bore them held.

It is extremely unlikely that all the seven (or more) Beeotarchs were in the habit of placing their names upon the coinage gud Beeotarchs. The large number of names on the coins as compared with the possible number of years during which this coinage can have lasted, makes it also very improbable that the signatures are only of those particular Boeotarchs who held the office of eponymous archons of Beeotia. The same fact precludes the idea that they are those of the eponymous archons of Thebes, or of any other single city. All that we can say about them, there- fore, is that they seem to be the names of the presiding magistrates of a board or committee, consisting of some of the Beeotarchs and entrusted with the supervision of the mints.

SMALL SILVER AND Bronze Currency. B.c. 879—888,

To the same period as the foregoing didrachms we must attribute the following odo/s :—obv. shield, rev. head of

young Herakles ; and dronze :—obv. head of Herakles, rev. club, &e.

PERIOD IX. CIRC. B.c. 879—3888. 69

The occurrence of many of the same magistrates’ names on the coins of both these series, as on the didrachms, isa sufficient proof that they are contemporary. It is notice- able that some of these coins bear two magistrates’ names. The names common to the two classes are—_

Obols, Didrachms.

EM = ? EPAM. OE = OEOFP, GEOP, or OEOT. is = ? HISMEN. KAE = KAEsS. Bronze. Didrachms. FEPF = FEPT. QOEORS 4. = OEOT. AYKINQ. = AYKI. OAYM = OAYM. ONASI = ONAS. GEIAO = ? P1AO.

The following is a description of the coins :—

OxBoLs. Obol, Beotian shield | Head of young Herakles r., in 14 grs. | on which club. | lion’s skin; in front Ef [Num, Zeit. iii, 386, 91.] Obol., Similar. Similar, but OE 13 grs. [Brit. Mus. Pl. V. 6.] Obol. Similar. Similar, but Is? 14 grs. [Brit. Mus.] Obol. | Similar. | Similar, but KAE [ Prokesch-Osten. Ined. 1859, p. 16.] Obol. | Similar. | Similar, but KO

(Mion. S. IIl., No. 58.]

99

2?

COINAGE OF BQCOTIA.

les, 1.

3)

Bronze Corinace. Average Size, 24. Type (a), BR. Club. Head of young Herak- | Club

P)

AYK—INQ. OAYM— EPI OEO—TI

Type (b), B. Club and Arrow. Head of young Herak-|Club and Arrow

les, r.

3)

99

OEO—TI

Type (c), B. Club and Bow.

Head of young Herak-

les, 1.

Club and Bow

APIS

, APIS—EIAO

9

3)

= IQqA—%EIAO PEIAO ENl?—OAYM

OAYM @EO—TI PYP—PI SA—FEPr ® —ATEI A—OIQN H—OION ©E—OINN A—OIQN IM—OION

, Kantharos—@/.ON

9

QGONA

,, and Star ; no inscr.

92

A—PAI

Average weight, 38 grs.

Brit. Mus. [Pl. V. 7.|

Num. Zeit: IX ioe No. 380.

Leake, p. 29.

OEOQ—P%.:? | Mus. Kotsch-

oubey, 1. p.

21.

Brit. Mus.

AAAN—@QE | Brit. Mus.

Brit. Mus.

Cited by M. Six.

Brit. Mus.

Cited by M. Six.

93

Brit. Mus. Cited by M. Six. Brit. Mus. Brit. Mus. Cited by M. Six, Munich. Munich. Paris. Baretta, No. 50. Prok. - Ost., 1854,p. 24. Num. Zetts ili. p. 874,

PERIOD 1X. circ. B.C. $79—3838. A!

Type (d), BR. Club and Thyrsus.

Head of young Herak-|Club and Thyrsus APIS | Brit. Mus. les, 1. | Ae) eh oka

Type (e), R. Club and Grapes.

Head of young Herak-|Club and Grapes | Brit. Mus. les, r. ONA— Sl

Type (f), BR. Club and Caduceus.

Head of young Herak- | Club and Caduceus les, 1. OAYM | Brit. Mus.

» OAYM—EMI(?)| Brit. Mus, cf.

Num. . Zeit.

ix., No. 80 %3 OEIAO Brit. Mus.

Type (g), B. Club and Beotian Shield.

Head of young Herak-|Club and Beeotian shield | Brit. Mus. les, r. CrYP—PI! [Pl V. 9.]

Whether these bronze coins are chalkoi, of which the Beeotian obol was worth twelve and the Attic obol eight,” or only three-fourths of the chalhous, it is difficult to decide. If the contemporary Phokian bronze coins, weight 135 grs., marked with a T and three bulls’ heads, are frichalhoi, the chalkous ought to weigh 45 grs. The Theban coins, however, of this period do not weigh on the average more than 33 ers.

The Beotian coinage from sB.c. 378—338 consisted, therefore, of didrachms, obols, and bronze coins bearing the signature of a magistrate, but without the name of Thebes.

As there is nothing in the history of this period which bears upon the coinage, it is only necessary to recall to our minds the principal events.

” Foucart, Inscriptions d’Orchoméne. Bull. corr. Hell. iv. p. 90.

72 COINAGE OF BQOTIA.

- 872. Destruction of Platza by Thebes.

371. Battle of Leuctra. Commencement of Theban supremacy.

371. Expulsion of the Thespians from Beotia.

364. Destruction of Orchomenus.

362. Battle of Mantineia and death of Epaminondas.

358. Eubcea recovered from Thebes by Athens.

357. Irritation of the Thebans against the Phokians. The Am- phictyonic Council under Theban influence consecrates the Phokian territory to Apollo.

356—3846. Sacred war.

353—2. Successes of Onomarchus. Embarrassment of the Thebans. The Phokians come into conflict with Philip of Macedon.

346. Philip victorious, and appointed President of the Amphic- tyonic Council.

338. Second expedition of Philip into Greece.

Cheroneia.

Periop X.. circ. B.c, 338—315.

Whether Thebes made any further resistance after the battle of Cheroneia we are not informed, but it is certain © that the city fell almost immediately into the hands of the conqueror. |

The leading citizens were now either put to death or driven into exile, and a council of 300 Thebans, partizans of Philip, was invested with absolute power and supported by a Macedonian garrison in the Cadmeia. |

Thebes was now degraded from her proud position as head of all Boeotia, her ancient enemies, Orchomenus, Thespiz, and Platea, were restored, and autonomy was conferred once more upon all the more important Boeotian towns, such as Orchomenus, Thespie, Haliartus, Leba- deia, and Platea.

The constitution of Boeotia was once more very much what it had been in the days when the Spartans held the land half a century before. Now, as then, Thebes was the greatest sufferer, and galling in the extreme were the insults and personal injuries which her citizens were compelled to submit to at. the hands of the barbarous Macedonian soldiery.

Driven at length to despair they rose against their oppressors, B.c. 335, slew Timolaus, one of the leading partizans of Philip, proclaimed themselves autonomous, and proceeded to the election of Bceotarchs. But the

Macedonian garrison in the Cadmeia was not to be so Z

4 COINAGE OF BQROTTIA.

easily expelled, and as no adequate assistance was forth- coming, the Thebans were ‘driven to bloekade their own citadel. 5 |

In time, no doubt, they would have been successful, had not Alexander, whose reported death had encouraged them to revolt, suddenly appeared in Beotia at the head of an army of relief. The tables were now again turned, and Thebes, although she made a brave resistance, was taken by storm, and her whole population given over by her conqueror to indiscriminate slaughter. Orchomenus and Platea were now more than revenged. Thebes was levelled with the ground, the Cadmeia being alone spared as a con- venient fortress by means of which all Bootia might be held in subjection.

The Theban territory was now divided among the cities of Orchomenus, Thespi, and Plateea, and for twenty years to come the site of Thebes was a desert.

In the Lamian war (323) the Boeotians held fast to the Macedonian alliance, as there was nothing they dreaded so much as the restoration of Thebes, which would im- mediately have followed the success of the Greeks ; never- theless, in B.c. 315, when Cassander advanced into Beeotia at the head of a formidable army, and announced his intention of rebuilding the ruined city, they thought it more politic not only to abstain from all resistance, but actually to assist in the restoration of their ancient enemy. Thus after lying in ruins twenty years, the walls of Thebes once again rose at the bidding of Cassander, amid general rejoicing throughout Hellas.

It is interesting to observe how, as history repeats itself, the coinage, so to speak, reflects the history. There are three distinct periods in which the influence and importance of Thebes had sunk to the lowest point: first,

PERIOD X. CIRC. B.@ S8388—31L5. 40

after the battle of Platea, p.c. 479; second, after the Peace of Antalcidas, p.c. 387; and third, after the battle of Cheroneia, B.c. 338. Now on each of these three several occasions a considerable portion of the currency appears to have been issued in the name of the Baolians, with the inscription B, BO, BOI, or BOIQ, while the coinage of Thebes itself either sank for the time being into insignifi- cance or ceased to be issued altogether.

With the battle of Cheroneia and the Macedonian occupation of the Cadmeia it is probable that the long series of didrachms bearing the names of (presumably Theban) Beeotarchs was brought to an abrupt close, after lasting with little or no change for just forty years. The revolution in the municipal organization of Thebes which then took place is sufficient to account for the omission henceforth of the magistrate’s name on the coinage, sup- posing the didrachms reading BOIQ. to have been struck at Thebes, but that they are Theban at all is a point which is exceedingly doubtful. Granting that a portion of them may be earlier than the destruction of Thebes by Alex- ander in B.c. 335, it seems certain from the number of varieties which have come down to us that the majority of them must belong to the twenty years between the devasta- tion of Thebes in B.c. 335 and its restoration by Cassander in B.c. 315. They must in this case have been struck at one or more of the other Beeotian towns which were restored by Phiip after the battle of Chzeroneia.

The hemi-drachms with the same inscription BOIQ, which I would also attribute to this time, are all marked with a little crescent in the field beside the kantharos. This I take to be the mint-mark of Thespize (see above, p- 97). However closely these coins may resemble the series of similar hemi-drechms previously described (p. 54),

76 COINAGE OF BQOTIA.

there are, nevertheless, differences in style and fabric, such as the final disappearance of all traces of the | incuse square, which have led me to bring them down to a later period.

It may be, then, that in 338 or 335 3.c. Orchomenus began the issue of didrachms for the whole of Beotia, while Thespiz undertook to supply the smaller currency in silver. In addition to the silver staters and heimi-drachms reading BO IQ, certain small copper coins reading BOIQXQLTQN appear to belong to this period. These copper pieces have on the reverse the trident, the symbol of Poseidon Onchestios.

At the same time a new local bronze coinage was com- menced, in which most of the leading towns of Beotia took part. These coins bear the inscriptions API, OES, AEB, OPX, PAA, TAN (Haliartus, Thespiz, Leba- deia, Orchomenus, Platsea, and Tanagra), but no types whatever on the reverse. ‘The absence of the name of Thebes on the coins of this class is a strong argument that they belong to the period when Thebes was not in existence. In fabric, these bronze coins resemble the didrachms reading BOIQ, the surface of the reverse being slightly concave. The shield on the obverse is in very low relief, and has a narrow double rim. In weight they are somewhat lighter than the Phocian trichalhoi, averaging about 120 grains. It is probable, however, they are also pieces of 3 chalkoi, and if so they would be equal in value to the tetartemorion, or $ obol (the Boeotian obol being equal in value to 12 chalkoi), which had ceased to be coined in silver when the chalkous was introduced: into Beeotia in the first half of the fourth century. Supposing the early bronze money of Greece to have been real money corresponding approximately in value to its

PERIOD. X. CIRC. B.c. 33d8—815. TE

weight in metal, and not (as it afterwards became) merely a token currency,” the proportionate value of bronze to silver would have been in those days about 30 to 1 in Central Greece, or about twice what 1t was in Egypt shortly afterwards under the Ptolemies.

[Brit. Mus. Pl. V. 10.] Stater. | Similar. BO—1IQ2. Amphora; above,

190 grs bow and arrow. [Brit. Mus.] Stater. | Similar, BO—IQ.. Amphora; above, 187 grs. club and bow. [Mion., No. 58.] Stater. 1 Similar. BO—1IQ.. Amphora; above, 189°5 grs, club. [Brit. Mus. | Stater. | Similar. BO—IQ. Amphora; ivy-leaves 188 grs. on one handle; above, club. [Berlin. Miinzkabinet, No. 179.] Stater. | Similar. BO—!Q.. Amphora; above, 184°2 gers, dolphin.

[Brit. Mus. Pl. V. 11.|

* See below, p. 91.

78 COINAGE OF BCOTIA.

[Num. Zeit. ix., Pl, I. 13.]

THESPLE ? Hemi-drachms.

Hemi-drachm. | Beotian shield. | BO—I. Kantharos; above, 45°2 grs, club; in field r., crescent; concave field. [Brit, Mus. Pl. V. 12.] Obol. Similar, BO—I. Similar. 13 grs. |

[Brit. Mus.]

Uncertain Mint.

Bronze.

Ad., size 24. | Beotian shield. | BOIQTON. Ornamented tri-

30 grs. dent, beside which, dolphin;

in field r. ivy-leaf. [Brit. Mus. Pl. V. 14.]

AB., size 24. | Similar, Similar, but in ficld r. grapes.

30 grs. |.

(Brit. Mus. ]

HAtartvs.

API in large letters, con-

A8., 6, 188 grs. | Boeotian shield. cave field.

[Brit. Mus. ]

THESPLE.

Ai, 54, 125 grs. | Similar, | OES. Similar. [Brit. Mus. Pl. V. 13.]

LLEBADEIA,

Fi: | Similar, | AEB. Similar. [| Num. Chron, i. p. 248.]

PERIOD XX. CIRG B.C.>d05——o lok

ORCHOMENUS. AB., 5, 101 grs.

Similar. | OPX. Similar. [Brit. Mus. |

PLATA.

AN., 54,119 grs. | Similar. | TAA. Similar. [Brit. Mus. ]

TANAGRA.

JH., 54, 120 grs. | Similar. | TAN. Similar.

[Brit. Mus. ]

cae

Pertiop XI. circ. B.c. 315—288.

The Beeotians as a body now again stood in opposition to Thebes, which, with its Macedonian garrison in the Cadmcia, remained faithful to Cassander. The Boeotians, therefore, welcomed Demetrius as a deliverer when he landed in Greece in B.c. 304, drove out Cassander’s garrisons, and proclaimed freedom in Hellas. Foremost among the flatterers of Demetrius was Thebes, herself so lately the stronghold of Cassander. The Thebans even went so far as to dedicate a temple to Lamia, the mistress of Demetrius, under the name of Lamia Aphrodite (B.c. 302).*4

Notwithstanding all this, Boeotia, including Thebes, turned against Demetrius when, in B.c. 294, he took the place of Cassander, and necessarily adopted his policy as King of Macedon. In the campaigns which followed Thebes was twice taken by Demetrius, once in B.c. 293, and again in B.c. 290, but on each occasion he used his victory with moderation, allowing the city to retain its municipal institutions, although he took care to keep the Cadmeia well garrisoned with Macedonian troops. This garrison does not appear to have been withdrawn until B.c. 288, when Demetrius, who had then fallen from the height of his power, presented Thebes with her freedom, hoping perhaps thereby to attach Beeotia to his cause.

4 See Num. Chron, N.S. vol. xvii. p. 267.

sa > een

PERIOD XI. CIRC, B.C) O10-—283. 81

The coins which clearly belong to the period of the Macedonian occupation of Thebes, first by Cassander and then by Demetrius, are the following, with Macedonian types :—

A. Stater. | Alexandrine types. | Symbol, Beeotian shield. [Miiller, No. 751.]

R. Tetradrachm. | Alexandrine types. | Symbol, Boeotian shield, [Miiller, No, 752, Cl. IV.] Re Obol. Alexandrine types. | Symbol, half Beeotian shield, [Miller, No. 753.]

7., size 84. |Young male head| AANESANAPOY. 62 ors. Fe satlie Prancing horse r., be- . neath, Beotian shield.

[Miller, No. 758b.]

R. Tetradrachm.| Alexandrine types. | Symbol, Bceotian shield

and serpent. {Miiller, No. 754, Cl. IV.j

|

Alexandrine types. | Symbol, Beotian shield | and thyrsus. [Miller, No. 755, Cl. IV.]

R&R, Tetradrachn. eee types.

Ai. Tetradrachm.

Symbol, Boeotian shield, in front thyrsus. [Miller, No. 756, Cl. IV.|

‘RR. Tetradrachm. ere types.

Symbol, Boeotian shield, in front thyrsus and E.

[Brit. Mus. |

The two coins which follow seem also to fall into this period, the head of Herakles being later in style than that which occurs on the somewhat similar At. coins of

Period IX.

Au., size 2. 35 ers.

Head of young | Thyrsus and club, between

Herakles, r. them QHBAIQN. [Brit. Mus. PL V. 15. |

7i., size 14. | Beeotian shield. | OHBAIQIN. Trident. 23 grs. [Brit. Mus. Pl. V. 16.]

Ae

Periop XII. circ. p.c. 288—244.

From this time the Bceotian League began to recon- struct itself, and of the seven Bceotarchs, the representa- tive of Thebes appears to have been chosen as the archon of the League.

Ten years afterwards (B.c. 278) we hear of the Beeotians as taking an active part in the struggle with the Gauls. |

About B.c. 246 they entered into an alliance with the Achezan League, but in the very next year the Aetolians invaded Beotia and gained a signal victory near Che- roneia, in which the Beotians lost their general, Abceocritus or Amaeocritus, and a thousand men. They were now compelled to ally themselves with their con- querors, the Aetolians, but this did not prevent them from being fallen upon by an armed band of Aetolians while they were peacefully celebrating the festival of the Pambeceotia in B.c. 244. This perfidious attack threw Beeotia once more into the hands of the King of Macedon, Antigonus Gonatas, to whom alone they could look for protection against the Aetolians (B.c. 244).

The coins which on stylistic grounds seem to me to belong to this interval of independence and autonomy (B.c. 288—244), which was the free gift of Demetrius Poliorcetes, are the following :—

wR, Tetra- drachm.

268 grs.

AR. Tetra- drachm. 238°4 grs. (worn).

/E., size 5. Average 110

grs.

ZB, size 4. Average 75

grs.

ZK., size 4.

fK., size 4.

H., size 5.

Ai., size 4. Av. 58 grs.

PERIOD XII. CIRC. B.c. 288—244. 83

Head of Zeus r., | BOI—QTON. Poseidon laur. holding dolphin and trident, seated 1. on throne, on the side of which, Beotian shield. [Paris. Mion. ii. p. 103, No. 59.] Similar. BOI TON. Similar, [Brit. Mus. Pl. VI. 1.] Head of Pallas r., | BOIQTON. . Trophy of wearing crested arms. Corinthian hel- met. [Brit. Mus. PI. VI. 2.]

BOIQTQN. Winged Pal-

las standing r., wielding

Head of young Herakles r., in

lion’s skin. thunderbolt and _ holding egis. In field, r., Bocotian shield. [Brit. Mus.] | Similar. | Similar in field, L., AY [Brit. Mus. Pl, VI. 3.| : Similar. Similar, without shield or monogram. Pallas helmeted and without wings. (Brit. Mus. | Similar. BOIQTON. Winged Pal-

las running r., wielding

thunderbolt and _ holding

egis. In field, r., wreath. [Brit. Mus. |

Head of young | BOIQTQN. Apollo, naked,

Dionysus holding bow, seated left on crowned with | cippus marked with trident, ivy. on which and behind Apollo,

tripod. In field, left, wreath.

[Brit. Mus. Pl. VI. 4.]

Periop XIII. crrc. B.c. 244—197.

The quarter of a century which follows the second absorption of Bootia into the orbit of Greek states de- pendent upon and virtually subject to Macedon (B.c. 244) is marked by the total absence of any coins issued either in the name of the Bceotian League or of Boeotian towns. Nevertheless, the anti-Macedonian party was not idle, and in B.c. 229, on the death of Demetrius II., an attempt was made to renew the Aetolian alliance. But Antigonus Doson had many and faithful adherents in Boeotia, among whom the names of Ascondas and Neon are conspicuous.”

The latter of these, who held the office of Hipparch, was enabled to confer a signal favour upon Antigonus, by persuading his countrymen to spare him on one occasion when the king and his fleet, stranded by stress of weather on the Boeotian coast, were entirely at the mercy of the Beeotian horse (B.c. 228).7°

The influence of Antigonus Doson became now para- mount, and was openly acknowledged in a formal congress held at Aegium, consisting of Achzeans, Boeotians with Megarians, Epirots, Acarnanians, Phocians, and Thessa- lians. These were the allies of Antigonus when in B.c. 221 he fought the battle of Sellasia and conquered the Spartans under Cleomenes. In this engagement the Beeotian contingent consisted of 2,000 foot and 200 horse.

Ho Polyb. Xx, 0: * Polypax kaos

PERIOD. XIlI. circ. B.c. 244—197. 85

Immediately after this Antigonus appointed Brachyllas, the son of Neon, to be Epistates of Thebes in acknow- ledgment of the fidelity of all his family to the Mace- donian cause.

In B.c. 220 Philip V., a youth of seventeen, succeeded his uncle Antigonus, and it was not long before he gave evidence of aremarkable talent for governing. It appears to have been his policy to interfere as little as possible with the domestic concerns of the allied states, and to allow them considerable freedom of action, provided always that it was not detrimental to the general interests of the confederacy.”!

It may be taken for granted that Boeotia, now virtually governed by members of the family of Neon, on whom Philip could implicitly rely, was treated with especial generosity. It is, therefore, no matter for surprise that about this time we find the Beeotians once more beginning to coin money in their own name after an interval of some five-and-twenty years or thereabouts, during which the Macedonian coinage was probably the recognised cur- rency of Beotia. That this was the case is at any rate to be inferred from the fact that nearly all the copper coins which I would attribute to the period commencing about B.c. 200 are restruck on pieces of Antigonus Doson : obv. head of Herakles; rev. BoA. youth on horse, beneath which is themonogram 4° (ANTI). During the reign of Antigonus himself a general recoinage of the royal money in Beeotia is, to say the least, highly improbable. Such a proceeding would have been tantamount to an act of rebellion. Neither does it seem at all likely that these bronze pieces were restruck in Beotia for the first time

7” Polyb. iv. 24.

86 COINAGE OF BQOTIA.

after the general declaration of freedom in Hellas by Flamininus in B.c. 197, for had this been the case the coins restruck would assuredly: have been those of Philip and not those of Antigonus, who died in B.c. 220.

All things considered, it seems, therefore, safer to attri- bute to the reign of Philip and to the period before B.c. 197 the bronze coins in question, as well as the silver with the same obverse type, viz. the head of Persephone facing, which cannot be separated from the bronze.

These silver coins weigh about 80 grains, and may be called drachms of a standard, to which for distinction’s sake we may give the name of Aetolian. The origin of this standard is doubtful (perhaps it is simply the Aeginetic reduced). In the coinage of the Aetolian League we find it combined with the Attic, the various Aetolian denominations weighing 260 ers. (Attic tetra- drachm), 160 grs., 80 grs., and 40 grs. The same coin- standard is also prevalent during the same period in Corcyra, Epirus, Acarnania, and Kubeea.

SinvER AND Bronze, circ. B.c. 220—197.

BOIQTON. Poseidon, phone facing, | naked, standing r., resting wearing corn- | on trident and holding dol- wreath. phin; in field, Beotian | shield and various letters or | monograms, among which

AR, 78 grs. | Head of Perse-

are the following, Al,AF, fy & EL Ky Ze.

(PlSV Tea) A. Size 4. | Similar. BOIQTQN. Poseidon, Average 57 naked, standing l., resting ors. one foot upon a rock and

leaning on trident.

(Pl. VI. 6.)

PERIOD XIII. crrc. B.c. 244—197. 87

A large majority, if not all, of these bronze coins are restruck on bronze of Antigonus Doson: odv. head of Herakles in lion’s skin; rev. B—A; youth on horse r. beneath, monogram Al.

Ai., size 8. | Head of Pallasr., | BOLQTON. Poseidon 28 grs. helmeted. standing 1, resting on tri- dent and holding dolphin.

[Num. Zeit, ili. p. 325.]

Prrtop XIE Veo cree. nich 197-146.

In the wars which ensued, s.c. 214—197, between the Romans and Philip, the Beeotians were among the allies of the latter; but when Flamininus, in B.c. 197, made himself master of Thebes by stratagem, a decree was carried, without a single dissentient voice, of alliance with Rome, in a general assembly of the Bceotians, convoked by the Beeotarch Antiphilus the day after the entry of Flamininus into the city.

Notwithstanding this nominal alliance, a number of Bosotians fought on Philip’s side at the battle of Cynos- cephale under the command of Brachyllas, who was taken prisoner on that occasion, but released by Flamininus soon afterwards. Brachyllas was immediately elected archon of the Beotian League by his fellow-countrvmen, who thus openly displayed their Macedonian tendencies. Not long after, Brachyllas was assassinated with the con- nivance of Flamininus, which so incensed the Beeotians that they wreaked their vengeance on Rome by privately murdering about 500 Roman soldiers as they passed either singly or in small bodies through Beeotia.

Flamininus next laid siege (B.c. 196) to the cities of Acreephium and Coroneia, which he supposed to be chiefly responsible for the murders which had been committed, and all Boeotia became again subject to Rome, being con- demned also to pay a fine of thirty talents. The Romans nevertheless still abstained from any active interference

PERIOD Xiv; CIRC- B.C... 197—146: 89

with the internal government of Bveotia, which yet remained in the hands of the party opposed to Rome.

When, therefore, Antiochus the Great landed in Greece, B.C. 192, the Beotians were among the foremost to join the coalition against Rome, but were once more compelled to surrender on the defeat of Antiochus in the following year.

Beeotia now became a prey to internal dissensions and disorders of every description, and it became evident that the old League was rapidly falling to pieces.

On the occasion of the rupture between Rome and Perseus, the new king of Macedon, Bc. 173, two at least of the Beotian cities, Haliartus and Coroneia, sided with the latter, so also did Neon, [Hippias, and Ismenias, one of the Beeotarchs. But when the Roman envoy demanded an explanation, the government of the confederacy repre- sented what had occurred as merely the work of a faction.

The Romans, however, gladly seized the opportunity which now offered of breaking up the League without resorting to open force. A mere hint that it would best appear which cities adhered to Rome and which to _ Macedon if they would severally and separately declare their decisions was all that was necessary. The federal body immediately broke up into a number of helpless communities, each anxious to obtain for itself the most favourable terms, ‘This was in B.c. 172. Henceforth we hear little of Boootian affairs until s.c. 146, when, after the destruction of Corinth, the Boeotian confederacy, which had practically ceased to exist B.c. 172, was legally and formally dissolved. Some of the Beotian cities, with Pytheas, who had been elected Boeotarch, had joined the Achzans in this final struggle, and Thebes was now punished by the demolition of her walls.

2

90) COINAGE OF BQKOTIA.

The following are the coins which fall into the period between the declaration of freedom in Hellas by Flamininus in z.c. 197, and the legal dissolution of the

Boeotian League in B.c. 146 :—

Head of. Zeus r., | BOIQTON. Nike stand- laur. border of | ing 1., holding wre:th, and dots. resting on trident; in front,

various monograms, &c., of which the followingare in the

MR. 78 grs. | | Brit. Mus. and Paris collec- |

tions, A> FAD Braves and A % KAA IN, bipennis and TF, bs < and crab? thyrsus and M, FAT, thyrsus and A/, AZ R G Aé and I, —; EY.

(Brit. Mus. Pl. VI. 7.|

ZK, size 5. | Similar. | Similar.

[Hunter, Pl. XIII. 14.]

JB., size 3. BOIQTON. Similar type.

Ay. 44 gers. |

Beeotian — shield, on which elub. [Brit, Mus. Pl. VI. 8-] Ai., size 2. | Beeotian shield. BOIQTQN. Trident and Av. 27 grs. dolphin. (Brit. Mus. Pl. VI. 9.]

These coins are much ruder in style and fabric than the previous series of this type attributed to Period X.

(Pl. V. 14).

With regard to the respective values of the siiver and bronze money of Boeotia during this period, B.c. 197— 146, some light may be gained from a very remarkable in- scription now in the museum at Thebes,* by which it

*® Hermes, 1874, p. 4381.

PERIOD XLY. Cikc. b.c; LY7—146. 9]

appears that a certain Hipparch named Pompidas, being insufficiently supplied with funds by the State, and being obliged to pay the salaries of. his officers in silver, was compelled to buy, or rather borrow, 110 silver drachms of the federal currency from a banker named Kaphisodorus, and that subsequently he repaid the amount borrowed in the same number of bronze drachms plus 25 per cent. agio, in all 1373 A‘ drachms.

erpiapefa rapa Kadioodwpov . . . cvppaxiov HA (= 110 A drachms). Thus he records the sum borrowed. ‘The repayment is noted in the following terms :—

Kadicodapw dpyupiov cuppayikdvspay pav éxatov deka TyLiVv

.. . xadkxov HAAAPEFIUL (= 137 drachms 3 obols of bronze, or 1374 AL drachms).

It is thus evident that the bronze drachm must have been treated simply as a money of account, and that it had been rendered legally equivalent to the silver drachm. At the same time it would seem that although the Hipparch was able to obtain silver in exchange for bronze at the banker’s by paying him 25 per cent. on the transaction, he was obliged to pay his officers in silver.

This looks as if in the general financial disorganization which prevailed at this time in Beeotia, the State had commenced the issue of drachms in bronze, and had enacted a law to make them legal tender in the place of the silver drachms, but that the salaries of the troops continued to be paid in good silver.

The three denominations referred to in the inscription would seem, therefore, to be the following, which are more fully described above.

Ist. The silver drachm, weighing about 80 grs. Odo.

head of Zeus. Rev. BOIQTOQN, Nike, Ke. Called épy'prav cuppaxixdy or Bowrtvov.

92 COINAGE OF BCEOTIA.

2nd. The copper drachm, identical in size and types with the silver. [Cf. Hunter, Pl. 13, ix. and xiv. | Called dpayyn yadxot.

3rd. The obol, probably the smaller copper coin with the shield on the obverse, and either Nike or a trident on the reverse, six of which were equi- valent to one drachm.

Preriop XV. circ. B.c. 146—27.

Not many years after the dissolution of the League in B.c. 146, Pausanias tells us,*” the Romans, repenting of their severity, restored to the Greeks (the Boeotians we may suppose among the rest) their ancient republican institu- tions, erect dé dv ToAXOls VorEepov erpamovTo és éA€ov of Pwpator TS ‘EAA dO0s Kal cuvedptd re Kata COvos drodi0acww Exarots TA Gpxata. Of course these so-called dpyata ovvédpia were mere empty forms and shadows of what had in the olden days been living realities.

Between 146 and the time of the early empire, the coins which were struck in Beotia are neither numerous nor of any great interest. ‘The following bronze coins of Beeotian towns appear to belong for the most part to this period. Some of them may, however, be of imperial times, but as they are without the head of an emperor it is more convenient to include them all under one

= Gusavil, LO. Te

94 COINAGE OF BOOTIA.

ORCHOMENUS. A., size 23.

Bust of Hera r., 38 ers.

veiled, over her

shoulder,sceptre, | border of dots. [Brit. Mus. Pl. VI. 11.] AG, 2. | Similar.

EP—XO. Tripod,the whole

in laurel-wreath.

Similar, no wreath. 27 grs (Num. Zeit. iii. p. 369, No. 55.] THEBES. A, size 2. | Boeotian shield,

OHBAIQON. Nike stand- ing |., holding patera and resting on trident.

[ Num. Zeit. ix. p. 47.}

on which club.

This coin may have been struck before the total dis- solution of the League between B.c. 172 and B.c. 146.

H., size 8. | Torch between | GHBA—IQN. Lyre ; bor- two earsof corn | der of dots. and two poppy- heads. [Brit. Mus. Pl. VI. 12.] THESPLE.

A., size3-2. | Female head r.,| GEZMI Lyre; the whole laur. wearing | EQN. in laurel wreath. stephanos _(?) and veiled ; bor- der of dots.

[Brit. Mus. Pl. VI. 13.]

Head of Pallas 1. Artemis huntress, wearing Co- Waar advancing |., hold- rinthian helmet "ing bow. without crest.

f., size 24.

[Sestini, Mus. ont, ii., Pl. IV. 17.]

Preriop XVI. Imperriat Times.

There can be little doubt that the following coins, even those which are without the emperor’s head, belong to imperial times.

THEBES.

Ai., size 44. | GBHB—AIQON. | ENIAPXI-NEMNTIAO ‘Head of bearded | —Y. Clnb and arrow (or Herakles,l.laur. | rather thyrsus) crossed. border of dots.

[Brit. Mus. Pl VI. 15 ]

With Head of Galba, a.v. 68—69.

ZB, size 5. PEAABAGCeE Eni! APXINEMNMTI-

FAABAC CEB- | AOY and in an liner ACTOC. Head of Galba r,

circle.

GBHBAIQN. Nike on prow, |., holding wreath | and palm,

(Berl. Blatt: Bd. lt. pe167:|

aid

3° The reading here given is conjectural. Sestini both in his Plate and in his text hss GHBAIQN MMNITIAO, which must, I think, be a misreading. Proke h-Ost. Ined., 1859, p- 16, in describing a coin which evidently bears the same name, gives it as EM! APXIN—EMNQAOY. Mion. i.,

p. 110, has another coin, obv. head of Herakles, r. laur.; rev.

?

96 COINAGE OF BQKOTIA.

Whether the Magistrate’s name on the above coins is Archipemptides or Pemptides we cannot positively decide. Such a name as Archipemptides, although of course possible, is quite new. Pemptides, on the other hand, is a known Theban name.*! If, therefore, we read Pemp- tides, the legend of the coins must be completed thus E€NI APXI [epéos] NKEMMTIAOY, and we must suppose Pemptides to have been high priest of the Imperial cultus (rév XeBacrdv) at Thebes in the time of Galba. No dpxtepevs is, however, known on any coin of Greece proper.

i., size 4. | GHBAI— ON. | EN NMOAEM. FT. K.

Female headr., | MAKPOY. Dionysus turreted and| wearing long robes, standing laur. r., holding kantharos.

[Prok.-Ost., 1859, Pl. IT. 82.]

A\., size 4. | GHB—AION. | Ef1 NOAEM F.K. MAK- Head of bearded | POY. Club and arrow Herakles, l., | crossed, border of dots. laur.

[Kenner, Stift St. Florian, p. 57.]

These two coins may be attributed to a Roman of the name of Gaius Calpurnius Macer. It does not seem im- probable that he may be identical with the Calpurnius Macer who lived in the reign of Trajan, and was a corre- spondent of the younger Pliny’s.

Whether he issued money in virtue of his office of Polemarch of Thebes, or whether the mention of his “magistracy is, as is sometimes the case, merely a state- ment of the fact that while holding the office of moneyer he was at the same time Polemarch, is a point which there

EN] WNOKAETIAG, club and arrow. This, I think, must be anoth.r misreading for ENIAPX] NEMNTIAO—Y.

31 Plut. Erot. XIL., segq. See also Keil’s restoration of the in- scription in Beeckh, C. I. G., 1686, where the name also occurs.

PERIOD XVI. IMPERIAL TIMES. 97

is no eyidence in this instance to decide.*? This remark applies also to the coins reading EM! AP XI [epéws 2) NEMATIAOY. It is not probable that Pemptides struck money gud archiereus, but there is no reason why he may not have been also a monetarius (Polemarch ?) at the same time. |

With Head of Trajan, a.p. 98—117.

Mi., size 6. | AYTOKPAT- | EMI MAPKOY MOAE- QP TPAIAN- | MA GHBAIQN. Nike Oc. Head of| on globe with wreath and Trajan laur. palm.

(Sestini, Lett. Num. Cont., t. ix., Pl. I. 4.]

The above coin is thus described by Sestini. It does not seem at all unlikely (when it is remembered how in- accurate Sestini’s descriptions often are) that we should read MAKPOY for MAPKOY, in which case this coin would help us to date those of the Polemarch C. Calpurnius Macer. I would, therefore, in this case conjecture the true reading to be €M!l MAKPOY MOAE MAPXOY.

In addition to the above-described coins of Thebes which belong to Imperial times, there are numerous coins of this period struck at the two cities of Tanagra and Thespiz, the only towns of any importance remaining in Beeotia in the time of Augustus. The Tanagrzan coins, like the Theban, are frequently without the emperor’s head.

TANAGRA. | ., size 8. | T—A Beardless | AJCQNOE. Bearded head N—[A. head r., | of the river Asopus r. border of dots.

[Num. Zeit, ix. p. 30.]

% Cf, Lenormant, Mon. dans l’antiquité, tom. iii, p. 108. 0

98 COINAGE OF BCOTIA.

Z., size 8. | TANA. T—A_ Winged caduceus.

in laurel ue wreath. N—A

[Brit. Mus.|

7A., size 8. | Pegasus flyingr. | T—A. Winged caduceus. [Num. Zeit. ix. p. 29.]

A, size 8. | Youthful bust r.,| TANA [ PAIQON. Her- draped, at shoul- | mes Kriophoros standing, der crooked | facing, carrying aram across

staff, in front, | his shoulders. ear of corn ? [Brit. Mus. Cf. Num. Zeit. ix. p. 30. Pl. VI. 14.]

Ai., size 8. [Laureate head r.| T—A gq. . | N—A. Similar.

[Prok.-Ost., 1854, Pl. II. 62.] /i., size 84. | TOW AN | TANAFP—AIQN. Similar. APOC. Beard- ed bust of Poe- mander r. [Num. Zeit. ix. p. 29.]

AK., size 3. | Female head r. T—A_ Artemis running r. N—A. holding torch.

[ Prok.-Ost., 1859, taf. ii. 31.]

Ai., size 24. | TANA—IFPAL. | Artemis running with torch. Turreted female head r.

[Num, Zeit. ix. p. 29.]

Near Tanagra was Mount Kerukion, where it was related that Hermes was born. Of this god there were two temples at Tanagra, where he was worshipped respectively as Kriophoros and Promachos. Concerning the statue of Hermes Kriophoros, Pausanias (ix. 22) tells us that it was the work of Calamis. On the festival of Hermes, the Tanagreean youth who surpassed all the rest in beauty was in Pausanias’s time still wont to carry round the walls a ram upon his shoulders, in remembrance of the deliver- ance of the city from a pestilence which the god himself was believed to have thus expelled.

PERIOD XVI. IMPERIAL TIMES. 99

With regard to Poemander, all that we know is that he was the founder of Tanagra and the spouse of the

nymph of that name, who was a daughter of the river Asopus (Paus. ix. 20).

Imperial coins of Tanagra bearing the head of the emperor are known of Augustus, Tiberius, Drusus, Ger- manicus, Trajan, Antoninus Pius, M. Aurelius, and Commodus. The most interesting types have been already fully explained by Dr. Imhoof-Blumer in the Num. Zeitschrift, ix. p. 30, sqq.

THESPLA&.

Of this town there are Imperial coins of the Emperor Domitian only. See Mion. Supp., tom. m1. p. 533.

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COINAGE OF B

British PAusewumn Cotn Guides. Now Ready, price HPA Crown.

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TO THE

PRINCIPAL GOLD AND SILVER COINS OF THE ANCIENTS

(GREEKS, ROMANS, PHGNICIANS, ETC.) From circ. B.C. 700 to A.D. 1. With 70 Plates, Illustrating about 800 Coins. By BARCLAY V. HEAD,

Assistant Keeper of Coins, Brit. Mus.; Hon. Secretary Num. Soc. Lond. ; Corresponding Member of the Imp. German Archeeological Institute.

First Issue, containing Plates 1 to qe) Second Issue, containing Plates 8 to 14. ;} Demy 8vo, in boards, each 2s. 6d. Third Issue, containing Plates 15 to 21. ;

Tue favourable reception which this Guide has met with, both in this country and abroad, has led to the preparation of a second edition, which will be accompanied by the large number of 70 plates, on which every coin described in the text (792 in all) will be figured.

In order to bring the work within the reach of a wider circle of students, it is proposed to publish it in a series of 10 consecutive issues, each of which will contain the complete text of the whole, but an instalment only of the plates. Each issue will thus contain, in addition to the text, a different set of 7 plates, with illustrations of about 80 coins. By the adoption of this method of publication it is hoped that a twofold object may be obtained ; first, that of providing an inexpensive Guide Book for the use of the public visiting the Museum ; and secondly, that of producing by instalments a con- venient handbook of ancient coins which shall contain in its 70 plates a far larger body of material than is elsewhere available for students.

As the number of copies printed is not large, the successive issues will follow at short intervals. The precise time occupied in the production of the whole work will necessarily depend upon the rate of the sale.

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